The Solid State

Short Answer Type

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Explain the following term with suitable examples:
'Interstitials'.

Interstitials – Sometime in the formation of lattice structure some of the atoms or ions occupy vacant interstitial site, and are known as interstitials. These interstitials are generally small size non-metals, such as H, B, C, etc. Defect arises because of interstitials is called interstitial defect.
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    Examine the illustration of a portion of the defective crystal given below and answer the following questions:
    (i) What are these types of vacancy defects called?
    (ii) How is the density of a crystal affected by these defects?
    (iii) Name one ionic compound which can show this type of defect in the crystalline state.
    (iv) How is the stoichiometry of the compound effected?


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    Explain the following terms with suitable examples:
    'Schottky defect'
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    In terms of band theory, what is the difference between a conductor and an insulator?

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    Explain the following term with suitable examples:
    'Frenkel defect'
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    Schottky defects generate an equal number of cation and anion vacancies while doping produces only cation vacancies and not anion vacancies. Why?
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    Explain the following term with suitable examples:
    'F-centres'.
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    How would you account for the following:
    Frenkel defects are not found in alkali metal halides.
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    Long Answer Type

    The ions of NaF and MgO all have the same number of electrons, and the internuclear distance are about the same (235 pm and 215 pm). Why then are the melting points of NaF and MgO so different. (992°C and 2642°C)?
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    Short Answer Type

    In terms of band theory, what is the difference between a conductor and a semi-conductor?

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