Long Answer Type

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Explain briefly how +2 state becomes more and more stable in the first half of the first row transition elements with increasing atomic number?  


In transition elements, there are greater horizontal similarities in the properties in contrast to the main group elements because of similar ns2 common configuration of the outermost shell.
An examination of common oxidation states reveals that excepts scandium, the most common oxidation state of first row transition elements is +2 which arises from the loss of two 4s electrons. This means that after scandium, d-orbitals become more stable than the s-orbital.
Further, +2 state becomes more and more stable in the first half of first row transition elements with increasing atomic number because 3d orbitals acquire only one electron in each of five 3d orbitals (i.e. remains half filled) and electronic repulsion is the least and nuclear charge increases. In 2nd half of first row transition elements, electrons starts pairing up in 3d orbitals.
(Ti2+ to Mn2+ electronic, configuration changes from 3d2 to 3d5 but in 2nd half i.e. Fe2+ to Zn2+ it changes from d6 to d10).

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Short Answer Type

Within  a periodic group of transition elements the possibility of exhibiting maximum oxidation state increases with atomic number. Why?

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Long Answer Type

To what extent do the electronic configurations decide the stability of oxidation states in the first series of the transition elements? Illustrate your answer with example.
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Short Answer Type

Write down the electronic configuration of:
(i) Cr3+  (ii) Cu+   (iii) Co2+
(iv) Mn2+ (v) Pm3+(vi) Ce4+
 (vii) Lu2+ (viii) Th4+
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What is the effect of increasing pH in K2Cr2O7, solution?

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What may be the stable oxidation state of the transition element with the following d electron configurations in the ground state of their atoms: 3d3, 3d5, 3d8 and 3d4
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Long Answer Type

What are the characteristics of the transition elements and why are they called transition elements? Which of the d-block elements may not be regarded as the transition elements? 
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What is lanthanoid contraction? What are the consequences of lanthanoid contraction?
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Short Answer Type

Why are Mn2+ compounds more stable than Fe2+ towards oxidation to their +3 state?
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Name the oxometal anions of the first series of the transition metals in which the metal exhibits the oxidation state equal to its group number. 
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