Which one of the following components of urine in a healthy human does not differ much in concentration from that of blood plasma?
NH4 +
K+
Na+
SO4 2-
D.
SO4 2-
SO4 2-, creatinine and other metabolic end products are the non-threshold substances which are not at all reabsorbed and are excreted in urine even under normal conditions. This is the reason these substances do not differ much in concentration from that of blood plasma.
Na+, K+, glucose and Ca2+ are the high-threshold substances, which are reabsorbed very extensively and do not appear in urine under normal conditions. These appear in urine only if their concentration in plasma is abnormally high or in renal diseases when reabsorption is affected. NH4 + is excreted in the form of urea.
Which among the following statements is correct with respect to functional structure of glomerular membrane?
I. The endothelium is perforated by small holes called fenestral.
II. The basement membrane is present inside the endothelium and is composed of meshwork of collagen.
III. The epithelium of visceral layer has cells, which are of peculiar shape and are called podocytes.
IV. The shapes between pedicels are called slit pores through which glomerular filterate filters.
Choose the correct option
I, II and III
I, III and IV
I, II and IV
II, III and IV
Statement I. The renal fluid becomes increasingly concentrated, when it flows down in the descending limb of loop of Henle towards inner medulla, but its concentration decreases in the ascending limb, when it flows towards the cortex.
Statement II. The descending limb of the loop of Henle water is reabsorbed; the ascending limb is impermeable to water, but salts are absorbed.
Statement I is correct, but Statement II is incorrect
Statement II is correct, but Statement I is incorrect
Both statements are correct
Both statements are incorrect
Figure shows human urinary systemwith structures labelled A to D. Select option, which correctly identifies them and gives their characteristics and/of functions
A - adrenal gland - located at the anterior part of kidney. Secrete catecholamines, which stimulate glycogen breakdown
B - pelvis - broad funnel shaped space inner to hilum, directly connected to loops of Henle
C - mediulla - inner zone of kidney and contains complete nephrons
D - cortex - outer part of kidney and do not contain any part of nephrons
In 24 hours, total glomerular filtrate formed in human kidney is
1.7 litres
7 litres
17 litres
170 litres
