Explain mutualism with the help of any two examples. How is it different from commensalism?
Mutualism is the interaction which confers benefits on both the interacting species.
For example:
i. Lichens represent an intimate mutualistic relationship between a fungus and photosynthesizing algae or cyanobacteria in which the fungus provides protection to the algae or cyanobacteria and the algae and cyanobacteria provide food to the fungus.
ii. Mycorrhizae are associations between fungi and roots of higher plants. Fungi help the plant in the absorption of essential nutrients from the soil while the plant, in turn provides the fungi with energy-yielding carbohydrates.
In commensalism the interaction where one species is benefitted and the other is neither benefitted nor harmed is called commensalism.
Species Species Name of interaction
A B
+ + Mutualism
+ 0 Commensalism
(a) Draw a diagrammatic sectional view of a mature anatropous ovule and label the following parts in it:
(i) that develops into seed coat.
(ii) that develops into an embryo after fertilization.
(iii) that develops into an endosperm in an albuminous seed.
(iv) through which the pollen tube grains entry into the embryo sac.
(v) that attaches the ovule to the placenta.
(b) Describe the characteristic features of wind pollinated flowers.(a) Why are transgenic animals so called?
(b) Explain the role of transgenic animals in
(i) Vaccine safety
(ii) Biological products with the help of an example each.
With the help of any two suitable examples explain the effect of anthropogenic actions on organic evolution.
(a) Why is human ABO blood group gene considered a good example of multiple alleles?
(b) Work out a cross up to F1 generation only, between a mother with blood group A (Homozygous) and the father with blood group B (Homozygous). Explain the pattern of inheritance exhibited.
Describe the structure of a RNA polynucleotide chain having four different types of nucleotides.
(a) Why are the fruit juices bought from market clearer as compared to those made at home?
(b) Name the bioactive molecules produced by Trichoderma polysporum and Monascus purpureus.
Differentiate between inbreeding and outbreeding in cattle. State one advantage and one disadvantage for each one of them.
