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Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Long Answer Type

141.

Discuss the formation of compounds in which octet rule is violated.

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142.

Discuss the Modern(or Quantum) Theory of covalent bond.

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143. Explain the formation of H₂ molecule on basis of valence bond theory.
Or
In the light of attractive and repulsive forces, show that a molecule of hydrogen is formed.

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144. In the light of attractive and repulsive forccs, show that helium molecule is not formed.

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145.

What are general characteristics of covalent compounds?

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146.

Give the comparison between electrovalent and covalent bonds.

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147.

Give the comparison between Electrovalent (or ionic compounds) compounds and covalent compounds (special reference to properties).

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148.

Discuss the orbtial concept or quantum concept for the formation of covalent bond.
Or
Explain the formation of covalent bond on the basis of valence bond theory.

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Short Answer Type

149.

What are the essential requirements for the formation of covalent bond?

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Long Answer Type

150.
Discuss the orbital shapes of the following covalent molecules:
(i) H₂ (ii) F₂ (iii) O₂ (iv) N₂.

(i) H₂ molecule: The electronic configuration of hydrogen is 1s¹. Half filled orbital of one hydrogen atom overlaps with that of the other hydrogen having an electron in opposite spin to from H₂ molecule.

(ii) F₂ molecule: The F₂ molecule is formed by the overlapping of two half filled p-orbitals of two fluorine atoms. The electronic configuration of Fluorine is 1s² 2s² 2p⁵. Thus Overlapping of the orbital forms F₂ molecule.

(iii) O₂ molecule: The electronic configuration of oxygen (Z = 8) is

Thus oxygen atom has two half filled atomic orbitals. The oxygen molecule is formed when two half filled p-orbitals of each oxygen atom overlap with the two half filled p-orbitals of the other oxygen atom. This results in the formation of a double bond between two oxygen atoms (O = O).

(iv) N₂ molecule: The electronic configuration of nitrogen atom (Z = 7) is

The nitrogen atom has three half filled atomic orbitals. In the formation of N₂ molecule, each of the three half, filled orbitals of one nitrogen atom overlaps with the three half filled orbitals of the other nitrogen atom.
This leads to the formation of a triple bond between two nitrogen atoms (N ≡ N).

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