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Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Long Answer Type

181. Discuss in brief the various types of hybridisation involving d-orbitals.

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182.
State and explain the geometric arrangements possible in sp³d and sp³d² hybridisation. Name the d-orbitals involved in these.

sp³d hybridisation:

In this type, one s, three p and one d-orbital (of a central atom of a compound) of nearly the same energy intermix to give five equivalent sp3d hybrid orbitals. These hybrid orbitals point towards the five corners of a trigonal bipyramid. Out of these five sp³d hybrid orbitals, three are directed towards the three corners of an equilateral triangle while the remaining two are at right angles to the plane of the first three orbitals, d-orbitals, involved in this case is d_z² For example in PF₅, sp³d hybridization is involved.

sp³ d² hybridisation:

In this type, one s, three p and two d atomic orbitals of approximately same energy intermix to give six equivalent sp³d²hybrid orbitals which are directed towards six corners of a regular octahedron. It should be noted that the orbitals (s, p, d) which are mixed together belong to the same quantum shell (n). The two d orbitals involved in this hybridization are d_x²–y² and d² Shapes of participating orbitals are as shown, e.g. in SF₆, sp³ d² hybridization is involved.

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183.

On the basis of hybridisation, explain the shape of phosphorus penta fluoride (PF₅).

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184.

Discuss the shape of:
$space left parenthesis straight i right parenthesis space PCl subscript 5 space space space left parenthesis ii right parenthesis space SF subscript 6$
on the basis of hybridization.

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185.

Which hybrid orbitals are used by carbon atoms in the following molecules ?

(a) CH₃ – CH₃(b) CH₃ – CH = CH₂(c) CH₃ – CH₂ - OH
(d) CH₃ - CHO
(e) CH₃COOH

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Short Answer Type

186.

Describe the change in hybridization (if any) of the Al atom in the following reaction:

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