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Chemistry in Everyday Life

Short Answer Type

91.

Why are cimetidine and ranitidine better antacids than sodium hydrogencarbonate or magnesium or aluminium hydroxide?

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92.

Can aspartame be used as artifical sweetner by all people. Explain.

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93. Why is use of aspartame is limited to cold food and soft drinks?

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94.

What are artificial sweetening agents? Give two examples.

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95. What problem arises in using alitame as artificial sweetener?

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96. How are synthetic detergents better than soaps?

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Long Answer Type

97.
Explain the following terms with suitable examples:
(i) cationic detergents,
(ii) anionic detergents and
(iii) neutral detergents.

(i) Cationic detergents: Cationic detergents are quarternary ammonium salts of amines with acetates, chlorides or bromides as anions. Cationic part possess a long hydrocarbon chain and a positive charge on nitrogen atom. Hence, these are called cationic detergents. For example cetyltrimethylammonium bromide .

(ii) Anionic detergents: Anionic detergents are sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohols or hydrocarbon. The long chain alcohols are treated with concentrated sulphuric acid to form alkyl hydrogen sulphate of high molecular mass and finally alkyl sulphate are neutralised with alkali to form salts.

It is called anionic detergent because large part of the molecule is anion. The single anionic detergent is in largest use today in household detergents is alkyl-benze-sulphonate.
They are effective in acidic solutions whereas soap are not effective due to formation of insoluble fatty acids.

(iii) Non-ionic detergents: Some of the detergents are non-ionic, like the esters of high molecular mass formed by reactions between polyethylene glycol and stearic acid.