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Generally,the substances which can conduct electric current by the migration of ions through their molten states or aqueous solutions. Acids: HCl, HNO 3 , H 2 SO 4 , CH 3 COOH etc. Bases: NaOH, KOH, NH 4 OH, Ca(OH) 2 etc. Salts: NaCl, NH 4 Cl, CH 3 COONH 4 , CaCl 2 etc. Non-electrolytes: The substances which do not conduct electric current through their molten states or aqueous solutions are known as non-electrolytes. For example, glucose, fructose, cane sugar, glycerol.

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Equilibrium

Short Answer Type

191.
What are electrolytes and non-electrolytes?

Generally,the substances which can conduct electric current by the migration of ions through their molten states or aqueous solutions.

Acids: HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄, CH₃COOH etc.

Bases: NaOH, KOH, NH₄OH, Ca(OH)₂ etc.

Salts: NaCl, NH₄Cl, CH₃COONH₄, CaCl₂etc.

Non-electrolytes: The substances which do not conduct electric current through their molten states or aqueous solutions are known as non-electrolytes. For example, glucose, fructose, cane sugar, glycerol.

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Long Answer Type

192. Discuss different types of electrolytes.

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193. What is a degree of ionisation ?

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194.

Discuss the ionisation of weak electrolytes (Ostwald’s dilution law).

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Short Answer Type

195.

Write the correct balanced net ionic equation for the reaction whose equilibrium constant at 298K is:
(i) K_a(C₆H₅COOH) = 6·3 × 10^–5(ii) K_a(H₂C₂O₄) = 5·4 × 10^–2(iii) K_a ( HSO₃^–) = 2·8 × 10^–7(iv) K_b(OCl^–) = 9·1 × 10^–7

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196. Write correctly the balanced net ionic equation for the reaction whose equilibrium constant at 298K is:

(i) K_b(CH₃NH₂) = 4·4 × 10^–5(ii) K_aS) = 1·0 × 10^–7(iii) K_a (HCN) = 4·0 × 10^–10(iv) K_b(NH₃) = 1·8 × 10^–5

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197. Calculate the degree of ionisation and hydronium ion concentration of a 0·02 M acetic acid at 298K. The dissociation constant of acid is 1·8 × 10^–5at 298K.

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