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Equilibrium

Short Answer Type

201. What are the limitations of Arrhenius theory of acid and bases?

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202. Define neutralisation according to Arrhenius concept.

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Long Answer Type

203.
Discuss the Lowry Bronsted concept of acids and bases.
Or
Discuss the protonic concept of acids and bases.

Acid is defined as any substance (molecule or ion) that is capable of donating a proton to any other substance.
The base is regarded as any substance (molecule or ion) that is capable of accepting a proton given off by ah acid. Hence, acid is proton donor, Base is proton acceptor.

Thus, acid-base reactions are regarded as proton transfer processes. It should be noted that a species can act as an acid (donating proton) only if another species capable of accepting a proton (base) is also present e.g. in the reaction

the water molecule acts as a base because it accepts a proton donating by HCl. HCl in benzene or carbon tetrachloride is not an acid because benzene or CCl₄does not accept a proton from HCl.

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204. What do you understand by conjugate acid base pairs? Give examples.

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Short Answer Type

205. State the formula and name of the conjugate base of each of the following acid:

left parenthesis straight i right parenthesis space straight H subscript 3 straight O to the power of plus space space space space space space space space space left parenthesis ii right parenthesis space space space HSO subscript 4 superscript minus left parenthesis iii right parenthesis space NH subscript 4 superscript minus space space space space space space space space space left parenthesis iv right parenthesis space space HF

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206. State the formula and name of the conjugate base of the following acids:
(i)CH₃COOH (ii) CH₃NH₃⁺(iii)H₃PO₄

left parenthesis iv right parenthesis space straight H subscript 2 PO subscript 4 superscript minus

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207. State the formula and name of conjugate acid of the following bases:
(i) OH^–

left parenthesis ii right parenthesis space HPO subscript 4 superscript 2 minus end superscript

^{$left parenthesis iii right parenthesis space straight H subscript 2 PO subscript 4 superscript minus space space space space space space space space space space left parenthesis iv right parenthesis space space CH subscript 3 NH subscript 2$}

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208.

State the formula and name of conjugate acid of the following bases:
(i) $CO subscript 3 superscript 2 minus end superscript$ (ii) NH₃(iii) CH₃COO^– (iv) HS^–