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Equilibrium

Short Answer Type

211.

Write the conjugate acids for the following Bronsted bases: $NH subscript 2 superscript minus$ , NH₃ and HCOO^–.

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212.

The species: $straight H subscript 2 straight O comma space space HCO subscript 3 superscript minus comma space space space HSO subscript 4 superscript minus space and space NH subscript 3$ can act both as Bronsted acids and bases. For each case give the corresponding conjugate acid and base.

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213.

Identify the acids and bases in the following equilibrium reactions:

$straight i right parenthesis space HCl plus space straight H subscript 2 straight O space rightwards harpoon over leftwards harpoon space straight H subscript 3 straight O to the power of plus space plus Cl to the power of minus ii right parenthesis space HNO subscript 3 space plus straight H subscript 2 straight O space rightwards harpoon over leftwards harpoon space straight H subscript 3 straight O to the power of plus space plus NO subscript 3 superscript minus iii right parenthesis space CO subscript 3 superscript 2 minus end superscript space plus straight H subscript 2 straight O space rightwards harpoon over leftwards harpoon space OH to the power of minus space plus HCO subscript 3 superscript minus$

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214.

Select conjugate acid-base pairs from the following equations?

$straight i right parenthesis space NH subscript 3 space plus straight H subscript 2 straight O space rightwards harpoon over leftwards harpoon space NH subscript 4 superscript plus space plus OH to the power of minus ii right parenthesis space straight H subscript 2 SO subscript 4 space plus straight H subscript 2 straight O space rightwards harpoon over leftwards harpoon space straight H subscript 3 straight O to the power of plus space plus HSO subscript 4 superscript minus iii right parenthesis space straight H subscript 2 PO subscript 4 superscript minus space plus straight H subscript 2 straight O space rightwards harpoon over leftwards harpoon space straight H subscript 3 straight O to the power of plus space plus HPO subscript 4 superscript 2 minus end superscript$

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215. Describe how water behaves both as an acid or a base.

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216. Comment on the statement: Strong acid has a weak conjugate base and vice-versa.

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Long Answer Type

217.
All Arrhenius acids are Bronsted acids while all Arrhenius bases arc not Bronsted bases. Discuss.

All Arrhenius acids are Bronsted acids: According to Arrhenius, an acid is a substance that yields hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution. According to Bronsted concept, an acid is a substance that can donate a proton (H⁺ ion). Both definitions require an acid to be a source of protons. Thus HCl is an acid according to both the theories. Therefore, all Arrhenius acids are also Bronsted acids.

All Arrhenius bases are not Bronsted bases: According to Arrhenius concept, a base is a substance that dissociates in aqueous solution to give hydroxyl ions. According to Bronsted concept, a base is a substance that accepts a proton, e.g. NaOH is a base according to Arrhenius concept because it yields OH^– ions in aqueous solution.

But NaOH does not accept a proton as such, thus it is not a base according to Bronsted concept. Therefore, all Arrhenius bases are not Bronsted bases.