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171. Write down the number of 3d electrons in each of the following ions : Ti²⁺, V²⁺, Cr³⁺, Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Cu²⁺. Indicate how would you expect the five 3d orbitals to be occupied for these hydrated ions (octahedral)

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172.

Comment on the statement that elements of the first transition series possess many properties different from those of heavier transition elements.

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173.
Mention the direct consequence of the following factors on the chemical behaviour of the transition elements.
(i) They have in completely filled d-orbitals in the ground state or in one of the oxidised states of their atoms.
(ii) They contribute more valence electrons per atom in the formation of metallic bonds?

(i) The element which is completely filled d- orbital in the ground state or in the oxidised state can show these properties:
(a) They can form complex compounds.
(b) They show variable oxidation state.
(c) They are used as catalyst.

(ii)
(a) They are hard.
(b) They have high melting and boiling point.
(c) They have high enthalpy of atomization.
(d) They are malleable and ductile.

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174. Why do the d-block elements exhibit a large number of oxidation states than the f-block elements?

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175. How do the transition elements form interstitial compounds? State an industrial advantage of such occurrence.

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176. Of the ions Co²⁺, Sc³⁺ and Cr³⁺ which one will give coloured aqueous solutions and will have each of them respond to a magnetic field and why? [Atomic numbers, Co = 27, Sc = 21, Cr = 24]

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