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231. What are paramagnetic and ferromagnetic substances? Account for the paramagnetic character of transition metal compounds. How does the paramagnetic character of the bivalent ions of first transition metal series vary from titanium (Z = 22) to copper (Z = 29)?

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Short Answer Type

232. What are inner transition elements? Write their general electronic configuration.

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233.

In what way are the observed oxidation states of the lanthanides related to their electronic configurations?

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Long Answer Type

234.

Describe the general characteristics of the transition elements with special reference to their tendency to:
(i)    Exhibit paramagnetism.
(ii)    Form complex compounds.
(iii)    Their catalytic behaviour.

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Short Answer Type

235. Why the transition element series show fewer oxidation states at their extreme ends e.g., Sc, Ti, Ni and Cu.

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236. What is the reason for the decreasing tendency to form divalent cation across the series as indicated by the decreasing E°_M²⁺ /M values?

The decreasing values of E° for M²⁺/M indicates that the tendency to form divalent cation decreases across the series because the sum of the first and the second ionisation enthalpies increases across the series.

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