Long Answer Type(a) Account for the following:
(i) Zr and Hf have almost similar atomic radii.
(ii) Transition metals show variable oxidation states.
(iii) Cu+ ion is unstable in aqueous solution.
(b) Complete the following equations:
(i) 2 MnO2 + 4 KOH + O2--->
(ii) 2 Na2CrO4 + 2 H + -->
|
|
Cr |
Mn |
Fe |
Co |
Ni |
Cu |
|
-0.91 |
-1.18 |
-0.44 |
-0.28 |
-0.25 |
-0.34 |
From the given data of E0 values answer the following Question:
(i) Which is strongest why is value exceptionally positive?
(ii) Why is value highly negative as compared to other elements?
(iii) Reducing agent Cr2+ or Fe2+? Give reason
(b) Why do actinoids show wide range f oxidation states? Write on the similarity between the chemistry of lanthanoids and actinoids.
Short Answer TypeHow are interhalogen compounds formed? What general compositions can be assigned to them?
Long Answer Type(a) Give reasons for the following:
(i) Mn3+ is a good oxidising agent.
(ii) 
Values are not regular for first row transition metals (3d series).
(iii) Although ‘F’ is more electronegative than ‘O’, the highest Mn fluoride is MnF4, whereas the highest oxide is Mn2O7.
(b) Complete the following equations:
(a) Why do transition elements show variable oxidation states?
(i) Name the element showing the maximum number of oxidation states among the first series of transition metals from Sc (Z = 21) to Zn (Z = 30).
(ii) Name the element which shows only +3 oxidation state.
(b) What is lanthanoid contraction? Name an important alloy which contains some of the lanthanoid metals.
Short Answer TypeExplain each of the following observations:
(i) With the same d-orbital configuration (d4), Cr2+ is a reducing agent while Mn3+ is an oxidising agent.
(ii) Actinoids exhibit a much larger number of oxidation states than the lanthanoids.
(iii) There is hardly any increase in atomic size with increasing atomic number in a series of transition metals.
When chromite ore FeCr2O4 is fused with NaOH in presence of air, a yellow-coloured compound (A) is obtained, which on acidification with dilute sulphuric acid gives a compound (B). Compound (B) on reaction with KCl forms an orange coloured crystalline compound (C).
(i)Write the formulae of the compounds (A), (B) and C.
(ii)Write one use of compound (C).
OR
Give reasons:
(i)Mn shows the highest oxidation state of +7 with oxygen but with fluorine, it shows the highest oxidation state of +4.
(ii)Transition metals show variable oxidation states.
(iii)Actinoids show irregularities in their electronic configurations.
(i) Mn shows the highest oxidation state of +7 with oxygen because it can form p-pi−d-pi multiple bonds using 2p orbital of oxygen and 3d orbital of Mn. On the other hand, Mn shows the highest oxidation state of +4 with fluorine because it can form a single bond only.
ii) Transition metals show variable oxidation states due to the participation of ns and (n-1)d- electrons in bonding. Lower oxidation state is exhibited when the ns- electrons take part in bonding and higher oxidation states are exhibited when the (n-1) d-electrons take part in bonding.
(iii)Actinoids show irregularities in their electronic configurations because the energy differences between 5f, 6d and 7s subshells are very small. hence, an electron can be occupied in any of the subshells. They have the electronic configuration of 7s2 with a variation of occupancy in 5f and 6d orbitals.
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