PRINCIPLES
(i) Neighbour principle-A person is liable if he
harms his neighbour. a neighbour is one whose
action affects another.
(ii) One is liable only for contractual relations.
FACTS : X manufactures a food item and sells his
food item to Y, a whole seller. Y appoints Z, a retailer
to retail these items. Z sells the food item to a
consumer who after eating them falls ill. X is liable
to the consumer because

• of contractual relations

• of the Food Adulteration Act

• the consumer is the neighbour of X

• the consumer is the neighbour of X

2.

PRINCIPLES
(i) Freedom consists in making choices out of two
or more alternatives
(ii) Everyone has freedom to speak
FACTS : X says his freedom to speech includes
freedom not to speak. X’s assertion is

• wrong

• right

• wrong because the freedom to speak cannot  mean freedom not to speak

• wrong because the freedom to speak cannot  mean freedom not to speak

PRINCIPLES
(i) A master is liable for the wrongful acts of his
servant.
(ii) a person can be called a servant only if there
is a relation of employment and he acts under
the order and on behalf of his master.
FACTS : X bank launched a saving scheme for
poor sections of the society and the customer can
deposit Rs.10 per day. Y an unemployed youth
collected money from several customers, and on
behalf of them deposited the money at the Bank
every day. The bank gave to Y a small commission
After sometime, Y disappeared with depositing the
money given by the customers. The customers
bring a suit alleging that the Bank is liable. Decide

• The Bank is liable because it paid commission to Y

• The Bank is liable because Y was their servant

• The Bank is not liable because Y was not their servant

• The Bank is not liable because Y was not their servant

X propounds the principle that everyone in this
world always speaks lies.
X wants to know whether this principle is logically
true or false ?

• Logically the principle may be true

• Everyone in the whole of this world does not always speak lies

• Logically X is also speaking lies

• Logically X is also speaking lies

PRINCIPLES : Whosoever enters into or upon the
property in the possession of another, with intent
to commit an offence or to intimidate or annoy any
person in possession of the property, and remains
there with intent thereby to intimidate or annoy
another person or with intent to commit an offence
is guilty of criminal trespass.
FACTS : The accused entered at night into a house
to carry on intimate relations with an unmarried
major girl on her invitation and information that her
family members are absent. However, he was
caught by her uncle before he could get away. Is
the accused guilty of criminal trespass ? He is

• guilty of criminal trespass as he annoyed the uncle

• guilty because he entered the house to commit a crime against the girl

• guilty because no one should enter into the house of another at night

• guilty because no one should enter into the house of another at night