Recent studies on Archaea suggest that life could have orginated:

• Extra-terrestrially and seeded through meteorite impact.

• In shallow coastal area

• In deep hydrothermal vents

• In, hot terrestrial habitats

Allele frequency of a particular allele was found to be 0.6 in three different populations. It is probably due to is

• Neutral allele

• Stable polymorphism

• Heterozygote advantage

• Natural selection

Molecular evolution do not reflects

• Species divergence

• Convergent evolution

• Natural selection

• Neutral mutation

4.

In an altruistic act, if a donor sacrifices ‘C’ offspring which helps the recipient to gain ‘B’ offspring and the donor is related to the recipient by a coefficient γ, under which condition would kin selection favour this altruistic trait?

• B > C

• B > γC

• γB- C= 0

• λB - C >0

Following cladogram represents changes in annelids during evolution.

The group ‘C’ in cladogram represents :

• Hirudinea

• Echiura

• Polychaetes 

• Oligochaeta 

Mammalian jaw has evolved from

• Pharyngeal arches   

• Temporal bone  

• Frontal bone  

• Dentary and squamosal bones  

According to MacArthur and Wilson's equilibrium theory, which of the following is true?

• Large island and islands closer to continent are expected to have more species than smaller and isolated islands.

• Smaller islands and islands for from the continent are expected to have more species than larger and isolated islands

• Smaller islands and islands closer to the continent are expected to have more species than far away smaller and isolated islands

• More species are expected on all islands irrespective of their size and distance from the continent.

Primary production in aquatic ecosystem is measured using Light and Dark bottle technique. In this method, as an indirect measure of photosynthetic production, dissolved oxygen concentration of the pond water enclosed in a BOD bottle is measured initially (I) and after a fixed duration of incubation in a light bottle (L) and a dark bottle (D). Then the gross and net primaty pdocuctions are estimated is

• (L‐D) and (L‐I), respectively

• (L‐I) and (L‐D) respectively

• (L‐I) and (I‐D) respectively

• (L‐D) and (I‐D) respectively

Identify the most appropriate cladogram that can be constructed using the data matrix given below, assuming ‘o’s are pleisomorphic and ‘1’ are apomorphic characters

	1	2	3	4	5
A	0	1	0	0	0
B	0	1	1	0	0
C	0	1	0	0	0
D	0	1	1	0	1

Gause’s competitive exclusion principle states that two species with identical niches cannot coexist indefinitely. Which of the following statements is the most appropriate regarding the validity of the principle?

• It depends on how one defines niche

• There are in nature many instances of continued coexistence of closely related species

• The principle is universally true

• It does not predict the outcome where, both the species are equally strong competitors