111.

Temporal isolation in breeding seasons between closely related species leads to reproductive isolation. Given below are breeding seasons of different species of frogs.

Which of the above plots represents temporal isolation in breeding seasons among closely related sympatric species?

• Plot A

• Plots A and B

• Plots B and C

• Plots A and C

During the course of evolution, the jawbones got modified into three ear ossicles in mammals. Which one of the following is a correct match of all three ear ossicles and their jawbones?

• stapes - articular; incus - quadrate; malleus - hyomandibular

• stapes - quadrate;incus - articular; malleus - hyomandibular

• stapes - articular; incus - hyomandibular; malleus - quadrate

• stapes - hyomandibular; incus - quadrate; malleus - articular

Which one of the following statements is NOT TRUE about the Neutral Theory as proposed by Motoo Kimura?

• Except for advantageous mutations, most alleles are under neutral selection.

• The rate of evolution for most genes will be equal to the neutral mutation rate.

• Advantageous mutations are exceedingly rare.

• At the level of DNA sequences, genetic drift dominates evolution.

A group of palaeontologists digging in an area discovers a pre-historic human burial site. The same group, while exploring a nearby area, discovered fossil remains of what appeared to be more than 100 million year old dinosaur bones. Which of the following combinations of modern radio-metric dating techniques should they use to calculate the age of these fossils most accurately?

• ¹⁴C dating for human remains and ²³⁵U dating for dinosaur remains.

•  ⁸⁷Rb dating for both human and dinosaur remains

• ¹⁴C dating for both human and dinosaur remains

• ¹²⁹I dating for human remains and ¹²⁹Xe for dinosaur remains 

Given below are statements related to the two competing hypotheses on the origin of modern humans; the Out-of-Africa hypothesis and the multi-regional hypothesis. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? 

• Both the hypotheses support that Homo erectus originated in Africa and expanded to Eurasia. 

• Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y chromosome DNA evidence support the ‘Out-of-Africa’ hypothesis.

• The principal conflict between the two hypotheses is that multi-regional hypothesis does not support African origin of Homo erectus.

• The multi-regional hypothesis states that independent multiple origins occurred in the million years since Homo erectus came out of Africa.