Read the passage and answer the questions.

Even in the most primitive societies, the great majority of people satisfy a large part of their material needs by exchanging goods and services. Very few people indeed can make for themselves everything they need-all their food, their clothes, their housing, their tools. Ever since men started living in communities, they have been satisfying their needs by means of specialization and exchange; increasingly each individual has concentrated on what he can do best and has produced more of the special goods or services in which he has concentrated than he can consume himself. The surplus he has exchanged with other members of the community, acquiring, in exchange the things he needs that others have produced.

According to the passage, the great majority of people can satisfy their needs today by

• providing things for themselves

• exchanging goods and services

• concentrating on what they can do best

• individual specialization

Read the passage and answer the questions.

Even in the most primitive societies, the great majority of people satisfy a large part of their material needs by exchanging goods and services. Very few people indeed can make for themselves everything they need-all their food, their clothes, their housing, their tools. Ever since men started living in communities, they have been satisfying their needs by means of specialization and exchange; increasingly each individual has concentrated on what he can do best and has produced more of the special goods or services in which he has concentrated than he can consume himself. The surplus he has exchanged with other members of the community, acquiring, in exchange the things he needs that others have produced.

Exchange of goods becomes possible only when

• there is no specialization

• goods are produced in surplus

• primitive societies become modern

• individuals make things for themselves

Read the passage and answer the questions.

Even in the most primitive societies, the great majority of people satisfy a large part of their material needs by exchanging goods and services. Very few people indeed can make for themselves everything they need-all their food, their clothes, their housing, their tools. Ever since men started living in communities, they have been satisfying their needs by means of specialization and exchange; increasingly each individual has concentrated on what he can do best and has produced more of the special goods or services in which he has concentrated than he can consume himself. The surplus he has exchanged with other members of the community, acquiring, in exchange the things he needs that others have produced.

Specialization and exchange began when men started

• big industries

• concentrating on their work

• producing things for individual use

• Living in communities

54.

Read the passage and answer the questions.

Even in the most primitive societies, the great majority of people satisfy a large part of their material needs by exchanging goods and services. Very few people indeed can make for themselves everything they need-all their food, their clothes, their housing, their tools. Ever since men started living in communities, they have been satisfying their needs by means of specialization and exchange; increasingly each individual has concentrated on what he can do best and has produced more of the special goods or services in which he has concentrated than he can consume himself. The surplus he has exchanged with other members of the community, acquiring, in exchange the things he needs that others have produced.

Exchange of goods and services becomes necessary because

• man is a social being·

• reciprocity is the law of life

• trade and commerce are means of progress

• we cannot produce everything we need ourselves

Read the passage and answer the following question.

What interests many- people is the possibility of finding an Earth-like planet, and many science fiction stories have been woven around the possibility of there existing a planet somewhere in the universe which is an exact replica of the Earth. There are too many variable quantities for this to be a possibility worth considering. What is possible, if planetary systems are common as they seem to be, is the existence of planets where the conditions are similar to conditions on the Earth and to which our form of life could rapidly adapt. If life had gained a foothold on such a planet, it is possible that life closely paralleling our own planet could have developed.

What sort of conditions is necessary for life as we know it to develop? First of all of course a suitable planetary body essential. Given this, then two vital conditions must be satisfied. The temperature must be neither too hot nor too cold since intense heat breaks down organic molecules and severe cold prevents the activity from going on. Too much short-wave radiation also upsets living organisms. The other prerequisite is a suitable atmosphere sufficiently dense to give protection from radiation and meteorites and containing oxygen and water vapor in reasonable quantities.

This passage suggests that there

• cannot be another planet like the Earth

• are other planets like the Earth mentioned only in stories

• may be other planets like the Earth in this universe

• is a planet which is exactly like the Earth

Read the passage and answer the following question.

What interests many- people is the possibility of finding an Earth-like planet, and many science fiction stories have been woven around the possibility of there existing a planet somewhere in the universe which is an exact replica of the Earth. There are too many variable quantities for this to be a possibility worth considering. What is possible, if planetary systems are common as they seem to be, is the existence of planets where the conditions are similar to conditions on the Earth and to which our form of life could rapidly adapt. If life had gained a foothold on such a planet, it is possible that life closely paralleling our own planet could have developed.

What sort of conditions is necessary for life as we know it to develop? First of all of course a suitable planetary body essential. Given this, then two vital conditions must be satisfied. The temperature must be neither too hot nor too cold since intense heat breaks down organic molecules and severe cold prevents the activity from going on. Too much short-wave radiation also upsets living organisms. The other prerequisite is a suitable atmosphere sufficiently dense to give protection from radiation and meteorites and containing oxygen and water vapor in reasonable quantities.

The hypothesis about the possibility of planets parallel to the Earth gets its strength from the fact that

• the scientists have discovered them

• books have been written about them

• the planetary system exists

• many people have shown interest in it

Read the passage and answer the following question.

What interests many- people is the possibility of finding an Earth-like planet, and many science fiction stories have been woven around the possibility of there existing a planet somewhere in the universe which is an exact replica of the Earth. There are too many variable quantities for this to be a possibility worth considering. What is possible, if planetary systems are common as they seem to be, is the existence of planets where the conditions are similar to conditions on the Earth and to which our form of life could rapidly adapt. If life had gained a foothold on such a planet, it is possible that life closely paralleling our own planet could have developed.

What sort of conditions is necessary for life as we know it to develop? First of all of course a suitable planetary body essential. Given this, then two vital conditions must be satisfied. The temperature must be neither too hot nor too cold since intense heat breaks down organic molecules and severe cold prevents the activity from going on. Too much short-wave radiation also upsets living organisms. The other prerequisite is a suitable atmosphere sufficiently dense to give protection from radiation and meteorites and containing oxygen and water vapor in reasonable quantities.

The statement, "If life had gained a foothold on such a planet" means that

• if there is life on the planet, it would be like ours

• if we go there, we can develop it like this Earth

• even if we try, we cannot go and live there

• it is impossible for life to develop there

Read the passage and answer the following question.

"The doctor's coming in a minute, Inspector", said Miss Smith.

"Yes, thank you for phoning, Miss Smith. It was very kind of you the lady's name is Mrs. West, you say,....."

"Yes, that's right."

"And what about Mr. West?"

"Doctor West, Inspector."

"Oh, I see... Well. Doctor West, then. Do you know where he is?"

"Not exactly, Inspector. He never told Mrs. West where he was going. You see, they hated each other."

"What do you mean?"

"Well, Doctor West thought that Mrs. West was in love with another man, and everyone knows Doctor West went to see another woman.

The conversation appears to be taking place

• in a street where an accident has just occurred

• in a hotel where Mrs. West suddenly became ill

• in Mrs. West's house where the police are enquiring into lady's murder

• in Mrs. West's house where a theft has taken place the night before

Read the passage and answer the following question.

"The doctor's coming in a minute, Inspector", said Miss Smith.

"Yes, thank you for phoning, Miss Smith. It was very kind of you the lady's name is Mrs. West, you say,....."

"Yes, that's right."

"And what about Mr. West?"

"Doctor West, Inspector."

"Oh, I see... Well. Doctor West, then. Do you know where he is?"

"Not exactly, Inspector. He never told Mrs. West where he was going. You see, they hated each other."

"What do you mean?"

"Well, Doctor West thought that Mrs. West was in love with another man, and everyone knows Doctor West went to see another woman.

The questions the Inspector asks are

• inquisitive

• foolish

• disturbing

• searching

Read the passage and answer the following question.

"The doctor's coming in a minute, Inspector", said Miss Smith.

"Yes, thank you for phoning, Miss Smith. It was very kind of you the lady's name is Mrs. West, you say,....."

"Yes, that's right."

"And what about Mr. West?"

"Doctor West, Inspector."

"Oh, I see... Well. Doctor West, then. Do you know where he is?"

"Not exactly, Inspector. He never told Mrs. West where he was going. You see, they hated each other."

"What do you mean?"

"Well, Doctor West thought that Mrs. West was in love with another man, and everyone knows Doctor West went to see another woman.

"You see, they hated each other." "What do you mean?" The Inspector seems

• to know Doctor West's secret

• surprised to get the information

• not to have understood Miss Smith

• not impressed by Miss Smith's information