Piaget proposes that pre-operational children are unable to conserve. He attributes this inability to which one of the following factors?

• Inability of hypothetico-deductive reasoning

• Lack of high-level abstract reasoning

• Personal fable

• Irreversibility of thought

What is a major criticism of Kohlberg's theory?

• Kohlberg proposed a theory without any empirical basis

• Kohlberg did not give clear cut stages of moral development

• Kohlberg proposed that moral reasoning is developmental

• Kohlberg did not account for cultural differences in moral reasoning of men and women

Which one of the following statements best summarizes the relationship between development and learning as proposed by Vygotsky?

• Development is independent of learning

• Learning and development are parallel processes

• Development process lags behind the learning process

• Development is synonymous with learning

A major difference between the perspectives of Vygotsky and Piaget pertains to

• their critique of behaviouristic principles

• their conception of children as active constructors of knowledge

• the role of providing a nurturing environment to children

• their views about language and thought

The amount and type of scaffolding to a child would change depending on the

• mood of the teacher

• child's innate abilities

• rewards offered for the task

• level of the child's performance

What term/phrase does Piaget use for 'mental structures which are the building blocks of thinking'?

• Gene

• Maturation blocks

• Schemas

• Zones of development

According to Vygotsky why do children speak to themselves?

• Children use their speech to attract the attention of adults to them

• Children are very talkative by nature

• Children are egocentric

• Children use speech to guide their actions

Development of the capacity for abstract scientific thinking is a characteristic of

• concrete operational stage

• formal operational stage

• sensorimotor stage

• pre-operational stage

A child reasons 'You do this for me and I'll do that for you.' In which stage of Kohlberg's moral reasoning would this child fall?

• The 'good boy-good girl' orientation

• The social-contract orientation

• The instrumental purpose orientation

• The punishment and obedience orientation

Which one of the following statements best sums up the relationship between development and learning?

• Development is independent of learning

• Learning trails behind development

• Learning and development are synonymous terms

• Learning and development are inter-related in a complex manner