What are the following substances? Give one example of each one of them.
(i) Tranquilizers
(ii) Food preservatives
(iii) Synthetic detergents
(i) Tranquillizers: A tranquillizer is a drug that acts on the central nervous system and is used to calm, decrease anxiety, or help a person to sleep. Often called depressants because they suppress the central nervous system and slow the body down, they are used to treat mental illness as well as common anxiety and sleeplessness.
There are two types or classes of tranquillizers:
(a) Major tranquillizers example phenothiazine
(b) Minor tranquillizers example schizophrenia
(ii) Food Preservatives: These are the chemical substances which are added to the food materials to prevent their spoilage and to retain their nutritive value for long periods. Example: Vinegar Food preservation involves preventing the growth of bacteria, fungi (such as yeasts), or other micro-organisms as well as retarding the oxidation of fats that cause rancidity.
(iii) Synthetic detergents: Synthetic detergent is a cleansing substance that acts similarly to soap but is made from chemical compounds rather than fats and lye. These detergents were developed in order to replace soaps for cleaning, to overcome some of the soap's shortcomings. These can be used both in hard and soft water. Example: Sodium p-dodecyl benzene sulphonate
Synthetic detergents can be classified as:
Anionic: Having negatively charged head and widely used due to cost and performance. Uses include:
(i)Laundry detergents
(ii)Dishwashing liquids
(iii)Oven cleaners
Cationic: Having a positively charged head. Uses include:
(i) Cleaning plastics
(ii)Hair shampoos
(iii)Fabric softeners and conditioners
Non-ionic or neutral: Having an uncharged head. Uses include:
(i)Car shampoos
(ii)Dishwasher detergents
(iii)Cosmetics
(i) What class of drug is Ranitidine?
(ii) If water contains dissolved Ca2+ ions, out of soaps and synthetic detergents, which will you use for cleaning clothes?
(iii) Which of the following is an antiseptic?
0.2% phenol, 1% phenol
Seeing the growing cases of diabetes and depression among young children, Mr Lugani, the principal of on reputed school organised a seminar in which he invited parents and principals. They all resolved this issue by strictly banning junk food in schools and introducing healthy snacks and drinks like soup, lassi, milk, etc. in school canteens. They also decided to make compulsory half an hour of daily physical activities for the students in the morning assembly. After six months, Mr Lugani conducted the health survey is most of the schools and discovered a tremendous improvement in the health of the students.
After reading the above passage, answer the following questions:
(i) What are the values (at least two) displayed by Mr Lugani?
(ii) As a student, how can you spread awareness about this issue?
(iii) What are antidepressant drugs? Give an example.
(iv) Name the sweetening agent used in the preparation of sweets for a diabetic patient.
What is the cause of a feeling of depression in human beings? Name a drug which can be useful in treating this depression.
Describe the following giving one example for each:
(i) Detergents
(ii) Food preservatives
(iii) Antacids
After watching a programme on TV about the adverse effects of junk food and soft drinks on the health of school children, Sonali, a student of Class XII, discussed the issue with the school principal. Principal immediately instructed the canteen contractor to replace the fast food with the fibre and vitamins rich food like sprouts, salad, fruits etc. This decision was welcomed by the parents and the students.
After reading the above passage, answer the following questions:
(a) What value are expressed by Sonali and the Principal of the school?
(b) Give two examples of water-soluble vitamins.
