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Electric Charges and Fields

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Gauss

According to Gauss’s law, the total of the electric flux out of a closed surface is equal to the charge enclosed divided by the permittivity.

The total electric flux through a closed surface is zero if no charge is enclosed by the surface.

Gauss’s law is based on the inverse square dependence on distance contained in the Coulomb’s law. Any violation of Gauss’s law will indicate a departure from the inverse square law.

Flux through area element ΔS is,

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