The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

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Germany Unification:

1. Otto Von Bismarck: Otto Von Bismarck; the chief minister of Prussia, was the architect of this process. He took the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy in his endeavour.
2. Three wars were fought over seven years; with Austria, Denmark and France. The wars ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification.
3. The Prussian king, William I was proclaimed the German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871.
4. The new state placed a strong emphasis on modernizing the currency, banking, legal and judicial systems in Germany. Prussian measures and practices often became a model for the rest of Germany.

Germany Unification:

1. Otto Von Bismarck: Otto Von Bismarck; the chief minister of Prussia, was the architect of this process. He took the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy in his endeavour.
2. Three wars were fought over seven years; with Austria, Denmark and France. The wars ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification.
3. The Prussian king, William I was proclaimed the German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871.
4. The new state placed a strong emphasis on modernizing the currency, banking, legal and judicial systems in Germany. Prussian measures and practices often became a model for the rest of Germany.

1. Italy had a long history of political fragmentation.
2. Italy was fragmented, before unification, it was a part of the multinational Habsburg Empire in the north, centre under the Pope and the south under the Bourbon kings of Spain.
3. Three Men: Giuseppe Mazzini, Chief Minister Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi played a leading role in unifying Italy during the 1830s.
4. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed the king of united Italy.

1. In Britain, the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval but was the result of a long-drawn-out process.
2. There was no British Nation Prior to the eighteenth century.
3. ‘United Kingdom of great Britain’ meant, in effect, that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland.
4. The Act of Union (1707) – united Scotland and England and “the United Kingdom of Great Britain” was formed.
5. Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801.
6. British flag, the national anthem, the English language – were actively promoted and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners on this union.