Discuss in brief sp2 hybridization (hybridization in C = C bond

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State and explain hybridisation.

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What are the necessary conditions for hybridisation?

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177.

Discuss in brief sp2 hybridization (hybridization in C = C bond). Discuss the molecular orbital structure of ethylene (first member of alkene).

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Draw diagrams showing the formation of a double bond between carbon atoms in C2H4.

 


sp2 hybridisation. The electronic configuration of carbon (Z = 6) in the excited state is
.
In this type of hybridization one- s and two P-orbitals of the valence shell of carbon atom take part in hybridization go give three new sp2 hybrid orbitals. These sp2 hybrid orbitals lie in a plane and are directed towards the corners of an equilateral triangle with a carbon atom in the centre. The unhybridized 2p1 orbital lies perpendicular to the three hybridised orbitals.



Representation of sp2 hybridization sp2 hybridization is also known as trigonal hybridisation. Each sp1 hybrid orbital has  s-character and 
The molecular orbital structure of ethylene: In ethene molecule, each carbon atom undergoes sp2 hybridisation. One sp2 hybrid orbital of one carbon atom overlaps axially with one sp2 hybrid orbital of the other carbon atom to form sigma (σ) C - C bond. The other two sp2 hybrid orbitals of each carbon atom overlap axially with its orbital of the hydrogen atom to form sigma (σ) C - H bonds. The unhybridized p-orbitals of the two carbon atoms overlap sidewise with each other to form weak pi () bond. The  bond consists of two  electron clouds which lie above and below the plane of carbon and hydrogen atoms.


(a) Formation of ethylene     (b) Molecular orbital structure molecule of ethylene

Thus, ethylene molecule consists of four sigma C – H bonds, one sigma C - C bond and one  bond between carbon-carbon atom. The bond length of carbon-carbon double bond of ethylene is 134pm (1–34 A).
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178.

Apart from tetrahedral geometry, another possible geometry for CH4 is square planar with four H atoms at the corners of the square and the C atom at its centre. Explain why CH4 is not square planar?

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179.

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The central atoms in CH4, NH3 and H2O are all said to have similar hybridisation but the bond angle H – A – H (where A is C, N or O) is different in each case. Explain stating in which case it is maximum and in which case it is minimum.

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