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Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Long Answer Type

181. Discuss in brief the various types of hybridisation involving d-orbitals.

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182.

State and explain the geometric arrangements possible in sp³d and sp³d² hybridisation. Name the d-orbitals involved in these.

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183.

On the basis of hybridisation, explain the shape of phosphorus penta fluoride (PF₅).

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184.
Discuss the shape of:
$space left parenthesis straight i right parenthesis space PCl subscript 5 space space space left parenthesis ii right parenthesis space SF subscript 6$
on the basis of hybridization.

(i) Shape of PCl₅:
In PCl₅, the central atom is ₁₅P. The electronic configuration of phosphorus and chlorine atoms are as follows:

It is the case of sp³d hybridisation in which one 3s, three 3p and one 3d orbital of P-atom having nearly same energy intermix to give five sp³d hybrid orbitals. Now five hybrid orbitals are available for a combination which permits the formation of five covalent bonds with five chlorine atoms of PCl₅

But allthe hybridised orbitals are not equivalent. Three of these are oriented towards the three corners of an equilateral triangle making an angle of 120° between them. The bonds formed by there orbitals are known as equatorial bonds. Remaining two orbitals are oriented at right angles to the plane of the first set of three orbitals. Thus PCl₅ has trigonal bipyramidal shape.

(ii) The shape of SF₆: In SF₆, the central atom is ₁₆S. The electronic configuration of sulphur and fluorine atoms are as follows:

It is the case of sp³d² hybridisation in which one 3s, three 3p and two 3d orbitals of S atom having nearly same energy intermix to give six sp³d² hybrid orbitals. Now six hybrid orbitals are half filled.

Half filled 2p orbitals of six F atoms overlap with six-half filled sp³d² hybrid orbitals of S-atom to form six sp³d²p-p sigma bonds. So SF₆ molecule has an octahedral structure.

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185.

Which hybrid orbitals are used by carbon atoms in the following molecules ?

(a) CH₃ – CH₃(b) CH₃ – CH = CH₂(c) CH₃ – CH₂ - OH
(d) CH₃ - CHO
(e) CH₃COOH

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Short Answer Type

186.

Describe the change in hybridization (if any) of the Al atom in the following reaction:

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