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Hydrocarbons

Long Answer Type

241. How will you convert benzene into:
(i) p-Nitrobromobenzene
(ii) m-Nitrochlorobenzene
(iii) p-Nitrotoluene
(iv) Acetophenone?

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Short Answer Type

242.
Out of benzene, m-dinitrobenzene and toluene which will undergo nitration most easily and why?

Nitration of benzene involves the electrophile attack of

(nitronium ion) on the ring. Since CH₃ group has a +inductive effect, it activates the ring and electrophilic substitution readily takes place. On the other hand, it is most difficult in m-dinitrobenzene because of deactivating nature of nitro groups.
Thus ease of nitration decreases in the order Toulene> Benzene> m-Dinitrobenzene.

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243.

How will you explain the directive influence of alkyl group (in the case of toluene)?

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244.

How will you explain the directive influence of –NH₂ group (in the case of aniline)?

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245.

How will you explain the directive influence of -CHO group?

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246.

How will you explain the directive influence of halogens?

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247.

Arrange the following set of compounds in order of their decreasing relative reactivity with an electrophile E⁺:

(a) Chlorobenzene; 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene, p- nitro chlorobenzene