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231. What are paramagnetic and ferromagnetic substances? Account for the paramagnetic character of transition metal compounds. How does the paramagnetic character of the bivalent ions of first transition metal series vary from titanium (Z = 22) to copper (Z = 29)?

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Short Answer Type

232. What are inner transition elements? Write their general electronic configuration.

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233.

In what way are the observed oxidation states of the lanthanides related to their electronic configurations?

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Long Answer Type

234.

Describe the general characteristics of the transition elements with special reference to their tendency to:
(i)    Exhibit paramagnetism.
(ii)    Form complex compounds.
(iii)    Their catalytic behaviour.

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Short Answer Type

235. Why the transition element series show fewer oxidation states at their extreme ends e.g., Sc, Ti, Ni and Cu.

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236. What is the reason for the decreasing tendency to form divalent cation across the series as indicated by the decreasing E°_M²⁺ /M values?

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237.

Why are transition metals able to form alloys?

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238.

How is the variability in the oxidation states of transition metals different from that of the nontransition metals? Illustrate with examples.

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239. Why are the absorption bonds of lanthanoids narrow

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240.
Assign reasons for the following:
The enthalpies of atomisation of transition metals are high.

Transition metal has high heat of atomisation due to presence of strong metallic bond which arises due to presence of unpaired electron in the (n - 1) d subshell. This is because the atoms in these elements are closely packed and held together by strong metallic bonds. The metallic bond is formed as a result of the interaction of electrons in the outermost shell. Greater the number of valence electrons, stronger is the metallic bond.

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