Factorise the following expression:
-4 a2 + 4 ab - 4 ca
∵ -4a2 = (-1) × 2 × 2 × a × a = (2 × 2 × a)[(-1) × a]
4ab = 2 × 2 × a × b = (2 × 2 × a)[b]
4ca = 2 × 2 × c × a = (2 × 2 × a)[c]
∴ -4a2 + 4ab - 4ca = (2 × 2 × a)[(-1) × a + b - c]
= 4a[-a + b - c]