Principle: Nothing is an offence which is done by a child under twelve years of age, who has not attained sufficient maturity of understanding to judge the nature and consequences of his conduct on that occasion.
Facts: Himesh, 11 years old boy, picks up a gold ring worth (Rs.5,000 lying on a table in his friend's house and immediately sells it for (Rs. 2000, and misappropriates the money.

•  Himesh would be protected under the principle stated above because his acts show that he was not sufficiently mature to understand the nature and consequences of the conduct 
• Himesh would not be protected under the principle stated above because his acts show that he was sufficiently mature to understand the nature and consequences of his conduct
• Himesh would be protected under the principle stated above because he is below 12 years of age 
• Himesh would be protected under the principle stated above because he is below 12 years of age 

Principle: Nothing is an offence, which is done by accident or misfortune and without any criminal intention or knowledge in the doing of a lawful act in a lawful manner by lawful means and with proper care and caution.
Facts : 'A' takes up a gun, not knowing whether it is loaded or not, points it playfully at 'B' and pulls the trigger. Consequently, 'B' falls dead.

• 'B's death is accidental, as 'A' had no intention to kill 'B' 
•  'B's death is accidental, as 'A' was just pointing the gun playfully at 'B' 
• B's death is accidental, as 'A' did not have the knowledge that the gun is loaded 
• B's death is accidental, as 'A' did not have the knowledge that the gun is loaded 

Principle: Import means bringing some consignment into India from a foreign country.
Facts: A consignment from Sri Lanka entered the territorial waters of India. However, this consignment never crossed the Indian custom barrier nor did it enter into the stream of com- merce in India.

• The consignment was imported into India 
• The consignment will only be imported into India when it crosses the Indian custom barrier 
• The consignment was not imported into India 
• The consignment was not imported into India 

Principle: Existence of all the alleged facts is relevant, whether they occurred at the same time and place or at different times and places.
Facts: 'A', a citizen of England, is accused of committing murder of 'B' in India by taking part in a conspiracy hatched in England.

• Only the fact that 'A' is accused of conspiracy hatched in England is relevant 
• The facts that' A' citizen of England is accused of commission of murder in India and of conspiracy hatched in England are relevant facts 
• Only the fact that' A' citizen of England is accused of committing murder of 'B' in India is relevant 
• Only the fact that' A' citizen of England is accused of committing murder of 'B' in India is relevant 

Principle: Copyright law protects only work. 'Work' means cinematographic film but does not include performance by an actor in a cinematographic film.
Facts : Alia Bhatt acted in a movie

• The acting of Alia Bhatt can be protected under copyright law as professional work 
• The acting of Alia Bhatt can be protected under copyright law 
• The acting of Alia Bhatt can be protected as film producer's work
• The acting of Alia Bhatt can be protected as film producer's work

Principle: Acceptance of proposal must be the exact mirror image of the proposal.
Facts: 'A' made a proposal to 'B' to sell a chair for Rs. 500. 'B' expressed his desire to buy the said chair for Rs. 400

•  'B' has accepted the proposal of 'A' 
• It is not clear whether 'B' has accepted the proposal of ' A' or not 
•  It is not clear whether 'A' made a proposal to 'B' 
•  It is not clear whether 'A' made a proposal to 'B' 

Principle: Law never forces an impossible promise.
Facts: 'A' made a promise to 'B' to discover treasure by magic.

•  Law will not enforce the promise 
• Law will enforce the promise only at the option of ' A' 
• Law will enforce the promise 
• Law will enforce the promise 

Principle: A person, who is usually of unsound mind, but occasionally normal, may take a contract when he is not of unsound mind.
Facts: 'A' generally means in the state of unsound mind and rarely becomes capable of understanding the things.

• 'A' can never make a contract 
•  'A' can make a contract at any time whenever he pleases 
•  'A' can make a contract when normal 
•  'A' can make a contract when normal 

Principle:
● An independent contractor is one who is employed to do some work of his employer. He is engaged under a contract for services. He undertakes to produce a given result, and in the actual execution of the work, he is not under the direct control or following directions of his employer. He may use his own discretion in execution of the work assigned.
● In general, an employer is not liable for the torts (wrongful acts) of his independent contractor. But, the employer may be held liable if he directs him to do some careless acts.
Facts: Ramesh hired a taxi-cab to go to Delhi Airport. As he started late from his home, he kept on urging the taxi-driver to drive at a high speed and driver followed the directions; and ultimately due to high speed an accident took place causing injuries to a person.

•  Ramesh would not be held liable for damages because Ramesh did not know the consequences of such rash driving 
• Ramesh would be held liable for damages as he exercised the control by giving directions to the driver
• Ramesh would not be held liable for damages because the driver was an independent contractor and not his servant 
• Ramesh would not be held liable for damages because the driver was an independent contractor and not his servant 

190.

Principle : Mere silence as to facts likely to affect the decision of a person to enter into a contract is not fraud.
Facts : 'A' sells to 'B' ('A' s daughter who is minor) a horse which' A' knows to be unsound. 'A' says nothing to 'B' about the unsoundness of the horse.

• 'B' can take plea of fraud because she is minor 
• 'A' has not committed fraud 
• There cannot be a contract between a father and daughter 
• There cannot be a contract between a father and daughter