When James R Brown and W Ford Doolittle (1997) reconstructed the tree of life using a variety of different genes, they found that different genes gave fundamentally different phylogenies as shown below. Note that the genes are unique to the specific trees.

From the given options select the process that best explains the observed discrepancies between the trees.

• polyploidization

• horizontal gene transfer

• allopatric speciation

• localized extinctions

112.

Given below are names of some of the National Parks of India and their key protected animals.

Name of the National Park	Key protected animal
A. Dibru-Saikhowa National Park, Assam	i. Indian Rhinoceros
B. Jaldapara National Park, West Bengal	ii. Hangul
C. Mukurthi National Park, Tamil Nadu	iii. Feral Horse
D. Dachigam National Park, Jammu and Kashmir	iv. Asiatic Lion
E. Gir Forest National Park, Gujarat	v. Nilgiri Tahr

Based on the table given above, which of the following options represents the correct match?

• A - iii; B - i; C - iv; D - ii; E - v

• A - i; B - ii; C - v; D - iii; E - iv

• A - i; B - ii; C - iii; D - iv; E - v

• A - iii; B - i; C - v; D - ii; E - iv

Given below are larval stages and phylum to which they belong. Select the INCORRECT combination.

• Parenchyma and Amphiblastula -Phylum Porifera

• Bipinnaria and Auricularia - Phylum Echinodermata

• Tornasia and Axolotl - Phylum Hemichordata

• Planula and Ephyra - Phylum Cnidaria

Euphorbiaceae generally represents milky sap bearing plants but there are also some non-milky sap bearing plants that belong to this family. Identify the correct combination of the following given plants which belong to family Euphorbiaceae.

• Terminalia bellirica, Euphorbia hirta, Nerium indicum

• Mallotus philippense, Ficus religiosa, Ricinus communis

• Mallotus philippense, Acalypha indica, Emblica officinalis

• Acalypha indica, Ricinus communis, Mangifera indica.

Among the following statements, which is the correct one that refers to a Holotype?

• Specimens collected from different locations and designated as type specimens by the author.

• A single specimen or illustration upon which name is based and designated as nomenclature type by the author.

• Specimens collected from different places and designated as type specimens.

• A single specimen designated to serve as the nomenclatural type when all of the materials on which the name of the taxon was based is missing.

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about a keystone species?

• Species other than consumers can be a keystone species.

• Keystone species has an influence on a community proportionate to its abundance.

• Removing a keystone species can reduce species richness of a community.

• Removing a keystone species can affect successive trophic levels causing a trophic cascade.

In the context of diveristy patterns of species, which one of the following statements is INCORRECT?

• Alpha diversity is diversity within a single community.

• Beta diversity is a measure of the change in species composition from one community or habitat to another.

• Alpha diversity is the regional diversity found among a range of communities in a geographical region.

• Gamma diversity is the regional diversity found among range of communities/ habitats in a geographical region.

Bipinnaria and brachiolaria are the larval forms of 

• Crustacea

• Arthropoda and Mollusca, respectively

• Ophiuroidea and Holothuroidea respectively

• Asteroidea

The animals belonging to phylum Onychophora

• have arthropodan characteristics and thus also considered as a class of Arthropoda

• have both annelidan and arthropodan characteristics

• have both arthropodan and molluscan characteristics 

• serve as a connecting link between Annelida and Mollusca 

Which one of the following parameters is not used in phenetic classification of bacteria? 

•  trophism

• susceptibility of a bacteria to a particular bacteriophage

• reaction to a particular antibody

• 16S rRNA sequence