The first detailed description of plastic surgical procedures is found in the clinical text on Indian surgery, the Sushruta Samhita which incorporates details of surgical tools and operative techniques. Sushruta wrote, based on the lectures of his teacher, the famous surgeon king, Devadas. He taught his pupils to try their knives first on natural as well as artificial objects resembling diseased parts of the body before undertaking the actual operations. It is interesting to note that modern surgery stresses so much upon simulation, models and cadaver training before actual performance to increase and improve patient safety. He stressed on both theoretical and practical training and had famously remarked once: "The physician who has only the book of knowledge (Sastras) but is unacquainted with the practical methods of treatment or who knows the practical details of the treatment but from self-confidence, does not study the books, is unfit to practise his calling." Sushruta considered surgery to be the most important branch of all the healing arts and had performed and described in detail several complicated operations. This includes operations for intestinal obstruction, hernia repairs, bladder stone, but more importantly, several plastic surgical operations, including those for cleft lip and nose reshaping, which are performed virtually unchanged even today from his descriptions about 3000 years ago!

The writer's objective here is to

• present a short history of ancient surgical practices

• outline about India's potential in the medical field

• draw attention to Indian traditional knowledge

• compare modern and ancient practices.

Remnants Left Behind

A leaf detaching
herself from a tree
strong winds howling
catching in a gale
just won't let her be.
A ship sailing on an ocean
being bashed by heavy winds
forcing her to dry land
seeking asylum once again.
Footprints in the sand
leaving behind positive thoughts
until the tide rushes in
and everything is lost.
Remnants of two lovers
once, so young, and bold
signatures etched on a heart
A love story never told.

Heather Burns

The poet's message here is about the power of

• human love that is permanent

• nature that can create or destroy

• the sea over human life

• human beings over nature

Remnants Left Behind

A leaf detaching
herself from a tree
strong winds howling
catching in a gale
just won't let her be.
A ship sailing on an ocean
being bashed by heavy winds
forcing her to dry land
seeking asylum once again.
Footprints in the sand
leaving behind positive thoughts
until the tide rushes in
and everything is lost.
Remnants of two lovers
once, so young, and bold
signatures etched on a heart
A love story never told.

Heather Burns

"_____ just won't let her be ______" uses ________ as the poetic device.

• simile

• personification

• fallacy

• exaggeration

94.

Remnants Left Behind

A leaf detaching
herself from a tree
strong winds howling
catching in a gale
just won't let her be.
A ship sailing on an ocean
being bashed by heavy winds
forcing her to dry land
seeking asylum once again.
Footprints in the sand
leaving behind positive thoughts
until the tide rushes in
and everything is lost.
Remnants of two lovers
once, so young, and bold
signatures etched on a heart
A love story never told.

Heather Burns

In the phrase" .... seeking asylum", 'asylum' here means

• port

• shore

• beach

• cliff

Remnants Left Behind

A leaf detaching
herself from a tree
strong winds howling
catching in a gale
just won't let her be.
A ship sailing on an ocean
being bashed by heavy winds
forcing her to dry land
seeking asylum once again.
Footprints in the sand
leaving behind positive thoughts
until the tide rushes in
and everything is lost.
Remnants of two lovers
once, so young, and bold
signatures etched on a heart
A love story never told.

Heather Burns

'...........Footprints in the sand .............' symbolises

• false images

• brief lives

• short memories

• patterns on the sand

Remnants Left Behind

A leaf detaching
herself from a tree
strong winds howling
catching in a gale
just won't let her be.
A ship sailing on an ocean
being bashed by heavy winds
forcing her to dry land
seeking asylum once again.
Footprints in the sand
leaving behind positive thoughts
until the tide rushes in
and everything is lost.
Remnants of two lovers
once, so young, and bold
signatures etched on a heart
A love story never told.

Heather Burns

The line "Remnants of two lovers...." suggests to the reader that the lovers

• had died together at sea

• have decided to spend their lives together

• are no longer in love with each other

• are now separated from each other

A leaf detaching
herself from a tree
strong winds howling
catching in a gale
just won't let her be.
A ship sailing on an ocean
being bashed by heavy winds
forcing her to dry land
seeking asylum once again.
Footprints in the sand
leaving behind positive thoughts
until the tide rushes in
and everything is lost.
Remnants of two lovers
once, so young, and bold
signatures etched on a heart
A love story never told.

Heather Burns

In "......... signatures etched on a ..........", 'etched' means

• chipped

• scratched

• engraved

• Cut

If you were to ask 20 people the meaning of physical fitness, you would get 20 different answers. Fitness is all things to all people, a precious commodity which enables us to live our lives to the full yet is really cherished only when it begins to fade away. To an older person, it might be the feeling of youthful vigour, to an athlete the capacity to run a mile in four minutes, to a stenographer ability to type for eight hours at a stretch without developing aching shoulder muscles. To a coach it is something which comes with training, to a physician, it is a functional state of the body defined in technical terms.
It is all these things and more. It is strength, flexibility, ability, power, speed, and muscular and cardiovascular endurance. It is the ability to enjoy our daily lives and to achieve our goals without undue fatigue or stress. It is having a reserve of physical stamina and strength for safety and the enjoyment of leisure activities. It is protection against degenerative diseases and feeling physically youthful even when we are growing old. Fitness is active, not passive. Yet recent decades have seen a quantum leap in the number of devices which help us to avoid effort and movement, the two key ingredients in physical fitness. We can no longer take fitness for granted, as could people of an earlier era, because the automatic movements which should maintain its walking, carrying, pushing, running, jumping, digging, lifting are gradually becoming unnecessary. We don't have to get to our feet to change television programmes. It's only human to take advantage of shortcuts. But even though many of us are beginning to recognise the need to combat the rising toll of degenerative diseases and the decrease in capacity for activities which require effort, all too often we still look for a button to push. We want to get fit without having to work at it and without making changes in our lifestyles. This is not possible.

The statement that 'Fitness is all things to all people' implies that

• everybody regards fitness to be the absolute good

• everybody includes everything under the concept of fitness

• everyone has his/her own definition of fitness

• there is an agreed comprehensive meaning of fitness

If you were to ask 20 people the meaning of physical fitness, you would get 20 different answers. Fitness is all things to all people, a precious commodity which enables us to live our lives to the full yet is really cherished only when it begins to fade away. To an older person, it might be the feeling of youthful vigour, to an athlete the capacity to run a mile in four minutes, to a stenographer ability to type for eight hours at a stretch without developing aching shoulder muscles. To a coach it is something which comes with training, to a physician, it is a functional state of the body defined in technical terms.
It is all these things and more. It is strength, flexibility, ability, power, speed, and muscular and cardiovascular endurance. It is the ability to enjoy our daily lives and to achieve our goals without undue fatigue or stress. It is having a reserve of physical stamina and strength for safety and the enjoyment of leisure activities. It is protection against degenerative diseases and feeling physically youthful even when we are growing old. Fitness is active, not passive. Yet recent decades have seen a quantum leap in the number of devices which help us to avoid effort and movement, the two key ingredients in physical fitness. We can no longer take fitness for granted, as could people of an earlier era, because the automatic movements which should maintain its walking, carrying, pushing, running, jumping, digging, lifting are gradually becoming unnecessary. We don't have to get to our feet to change television programmes. It's only human to take advantage of shortcuts. But even though many of us are beginning to recognise the need to combat the rising toll of degenerative diseases and the decrease in capacity for activities which require effort, all too often we still look for a button to push. We want to get fit without having to work at it and without making changes in our lifestyles. This is not possible.

(i) Recent developments have vastly decreased the need for physical effort and movement.
(ii) Resorting to shortcuts is against human nature.

• Statement (i) is true

• Statement (ii) is true

• Both (i) and (ii) statements are true

• Both (i) and (ii) statements are false

If you were to ask 20 people the meaning of physical fitness, you would get 20 different answers. Fitness is all things to all people, a precious commodity which enables us to live our lives to the full yet is really cherished only when it begins to fade away. To an older person, it might be the feeling of youthful vigour, to an athlete the capacity to run a mile in four minutes, to a stenographer ability to type for eight hours at a stretch without developing aching shoulder muscles. To a coach it is something which comes with training, to a physician, it is a functional state of the body defined in technical terms.
It is all these things and more. It is strength, flexibility, ability, power, speed, and muscular and cardiovascular endurance. It is the ability to enjoy our daily lives and to achieve our goals without undue fatigue or stress. It is having a reserve of physical stamina and strength for safety and the enjoyment of leisure activities. It is protection against degenerative diseases and feeling physically youthful even when we are growing old. Fitness is active, not passive. Yet recent decades have seen a quantum leap in the number of devices which help us to avoid effort and movement, the two key ingredients in physical fitness. We can no longer take fitness for granted, as could people of an earlier era, because the automatic movements which should maintain its walking, carrying, pushing, running, jumping, digging, lifting are gradually becoming unnecessary. We don't have to get to our feet to change television programmes. It's only human to take advantage of shortcuts. But even though many of us are beginning to recognise the need to combat the rising toll of degenerative diseases and the decrease in capacity for activities which require effort, all too often we still look for a button to push. We want to get fit without having to work at it and without making changes in our lifestyles. This is not possible'Fitness is active, not passive' means

• We can take fitness for granted

• we should avoid effort and movement

• We can resort to shortcuts.

• We cannot be sedentary