Who was John Marshall ? How did he mark a change in the Indian Archeology ? 

Mention any two changes that were observed after 1900 BCE in Harappan civilisation. What could have brought these changes ? Explain.

“The mid first millennium BCE is often regarded as a major turning point in world history.” Justify.

Point out one similarity and one dissimilarity between Lingayats and Nayanars.

Highlight any four aspects observed by the Portuguese Traveller Barbosa on the Urban Core of the Vijayanagara Empire.

State the inherent problems faced by Al-Biruni in the task of understanding Indian Social and Brahmanical practices. Mention any two sources that provided him the support.

7.

How did Indian hill stations become racial enclaves for the Europeans in the 19th century ? Explain two reasons.

“The battle between the hoe and the plough was a long one”. Substantiate the statement with reference to the Santhals and Paharis of Raj Mahal Hills during 18th century.

Examine how Lord Dalhousie’s policy of annexation created dissatisfaction amongst the people of Awadh. 

Read the following passage and answer the question that follows :

Every citizen in a free state should be treated in a manner that satisfied not only his material wants but also his spiritual sense of the self respect and the majority community has an obligation to try and understand the problems of the minorities and empathise with their aspiration.

How could a citizen of a free nation express his imbibed values of equality and social justice while dealing with the members of the minority community ? Explain.