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ISC Class 12 Political Science Solved Question Paper 2012

Long Answer Type

21.

What are rigid and flexible Constitutions? Discuss any two merits and any two demerits of a flexible Constitution.

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22.

Explain the limitation of the theory of Separation of Powers.

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23.
Discuss three advantages and three disadvantages of Functional representation.

Functional or occupational representation is a protest against the system of territorial or geographical representation. In modem States the usual basis of representation is territorial.

Disdvantages:

i. Firstly, occupational or functional representatives, will be interested only in protecting functional interest and will be more familiar with professional problems. But they are not trained in dealing with problems of general nature. The interest are divided and there is no unified national interest. The representatives do not represent the nation but only the occupation.

ii. Secondly, like proportional representative, functional representation also leads to multi parties. As the number of functions or occupation increases multiple parties will also emerge, each representing one occupation.

iii. Thirdly, two opposing functional groups may paralyze the government. For example, agriculturists and industrialists. If any project of the government. For example, agriculturists and industrialists. If any project of the government is going to affect one occupational group, to the advantage of another occupational group, there will be a dedlock as no occupational group would be willing to sacrifice its interests. Under this system, the legislature would be composed of the representatives of organized interests and not of the people residing in a particular geographical area.

Advantages:

i. The system of representation based upon classes, professions, occupations, or other groupings of society is not of recent origin. Mirabeau, at the time of the French Revolution, declared that a Legislative Assembly ought to be a mirror of all the interests of society.

ii. The system of functional representation is commonly known as the Soviet system. The geographical or territorial system of representation was replaced in Soviet Russia by a system based on the vocational principle, i.e., workers, farmers, professional men and other classes choose their own representatives without regard to territorial areas.

iii. There are two divergent groups who advocate occupational representation from different motives. The Communists support it, because it centres the voter’s attention upon his work relationships and forces him to think in proletarian terms. The non- Communists, on the other hand, advocate it because of their disgust with the present system of electing legislators from single-member constituencies.

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