Short Answer TypeStudents were asked to observe the permanent slides showing different stages of
budding in yeast under high power of a microscope.
(A) Which adjustment screw (coarse/fine) were you asked to move to focus the slides?
(B) Draw three diagrams in correct sequence showing budding in yeast.
Long Answer TypeWhat is meant by power of a lens? Define its SI unit.
You have two lenses A and B of focal lengths +10 cm and –10 cm, respectively. State the nature and power of each lens. Which of the two lenses will form a virtual and magnified image of an object placed 8 cm from the lens? Draw a ray diagram to justify your answer.
One-half of a convex lens of focal length 10 cm is covered with a black paper. Can such a lens produce an image of a complete object placed at a distance of 30 cm from the lens? Draw a ray diagram to justify your answer.
A 4 cm tall object is placed perpendicular to its principal axis of a convex lens of focal length 20 cm. The distance of the object from the lens is 15 cm. Find the nature, position and the size of the image.
Write the importance of ciliary muscles in the human eye. Name the defect of vision that arises due to gradual weakening of the ciliary muscles. What types of lenses are required by the person suffering from this defect to see the objects clearly?
Akshay, sitting in the last row in his class, could not see clearly the words write on the blackboard. When the teacher noticed it, he announced if any student sitting in the front row could volunteer to exchange his seat with Akshay. Salman immediately agreed to exchange his seat with Akshay. He could now see the words written on the blackboard clearly. The teacher thought it fit to send the message to Akshay’s parents advising them to get his eyesight checked.
In the context of the above event, answer the following questions:
(a) Which defect of vision is Akshay suffering from? Which type of lens is used to correct this defect?
(b) State the values displayed by the teacher and Salman.
(c) In your opinion, in what way can Akshay express his gratitude towards the teacher and Salman?
(a) Name the human male reproductive organ that produces sperms and also secretes a hormone. Write the functions of the secreted hormone.
(b) Name the parts of the human female reproductive system where
i. fertilisation takes place
ii. implantation of the fertilised egg occurs
Explain how the embryo gets nourishment inside the mother’s body.
21.How do Mendel’s experiments show that the
(a) traits may be dominant or recessive
(b) traits are inherited independently
(a) Mendel carried out a Monohybrid cross. He crossed pure bred (homozygous) tall pea plants (TT) with pure bred , Homozyzous dwarf pea plants (tt) and found that only tall pea plants were produced in the first generation and there were no dwarf pea plants.
He concluded that the first generation showed the traits of only one of the parent plant with the trait for tallness. The trait of the other parent plant—dwarfness— did not show up in the progeny of the first generation.
He then crossed the tall pea plants obtained in the first generation (F1 generation) and found that both tall plants and dwarf plants were obtained in the second generation (F2 generation) in the ratio of 3:1. Mendel noted that the dwarf trait of the parent pea plant which disappeared in the first generation progeny reappeared in the second generation.
Thus Mendel concluded that the trait for Tallness (T) was dominant over the trait for dwarfness (t). The recessive trait was not able to express itself in the heterozygous condition like in the F1 generation. However, it was able to express itself in the homozygous condition like that in the f2 generation.
In this way, Mendel’s experiments with tall and dwarf pea plants showed that the traits may be dominant and recessive.
(b) Mendel performed an experiments in which he took a tall plant with round seeds and a short plant with wrinkled-seeds. In F1, all plants were tall and had round seeds. Tallness and round seeds were thus dominant traits. When these these F1 progeny were crossed to generate F2 progeny it was found that some F2 progeny were tall plants with round seeds, and some were short plants with wrinkled seeds. At the same time there were new combinations besides the parental ones which were tall but had wrinkled seeds, while others were short, but had round seeds. Thus, Mendel’s experiments showed that the tall/short trait and the round seed/wrinkled seed trait are independently inherited.
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