Give reasons:
(i)Mn shows the highest oxidation state of +7 with oxygen but with fluorine, it shows the highest oxidation state of +4.
(ii)Transition metals show variable oxidation states.
(iii)Actinoids show irregularities in their electronic configurations.

(i) Name the method of refining of metals such as Germanium.
(ii)In the extraction of Al, impure Al₂O₃ is dissolved in conc. NaOH to form sodium aluminate and leaving impurities behind. What is the name of this process?
(iii)What is the role of coke in the extraction of iron from its oxides?

13.

Calculate e.m.f of the following cell at 298 K:

(a) For the complex [Fe(CN)₆]^3–, write the hybridization type, magnetic character and spin nature of the complex. (At. number : Fe = 26).
(b) Draw one of the geometrical isomers of the complex [Pt(en)₂Cl₂]²⁺ which is optically active.

Out of  and which is more reactive towards
S_N 1 reaction and why?

Write the IUPAC name of the given compound:

Write the mechanism of following chemical reaction:

Given reasons:
(i)C–Cl bond length in chlorobenzene is shorter than C–Cl bond length in CH₃–Cl.
(ii)The dipole moment of chlorobenzene is lower than that of cyclohexyl chloride.
(iii)S_N1 reactions are accompanied by racemization in optically active alkyl halides.

Write the main product(s) in each of the following reactions: 

(i) Write the name of two monosaccharides obtained on hydrolysis of lactose sugar.

(ii) Why Vitamin C cannot be stored in our body?

(iii) What is the difference between a nucleoside and nucleotide?