29.

(a)Name the causative organism andpreventive measures for each of the following:
(i) Swine flu
(ii) Typhoid
(iii) Filariasis
(iv) Syphilis

(b)State four causes and four consequences of population growth.

(c)Differentiate between:
(i)Cannabinoids and Barbiturates
(ii)Biotic potential and Carrying capacity

(a)

(i) Swine Flu - H1N1 – influenza strain.

Prevention: Good hygiene is the most important for prevention. Washing
hands, using alcohol-based hand oil and keeping surfaces and bathrooms
clean can keep away from the disease. Anyone with flu-like symptoms, such as a sudden fever, cough or muscle aches, should stay away from work in public, transportation, and should contact a doctor for advice.

(ii) Typhoid – Salmonella typhi

Prevention - Measures include proper community sanitation, cleaned and
chlorinated water supply system and personal cleanliness. Prevention of food contaminated by flies and dust. Cooks and food handlers in eating establishments should be pressed upon to wash their hands with soap and water before food handling.

(iii) Filariasis – Wuchereria Bancrofti

Preventive measures: Destruction of mosquitoes and their breeding places and protection against mosquito bites can prevent filarial infection.

(iv) Syphilis – Treponema Pallidum

Preventive measures - Sexual habits should be changed immediately. Strict to monogamy.

(b) Reasons for High Population Growth
i. An increase in longevity. Decline in death rate, maternal mortality rate (MMR), and infant mortality rate (IMR).
ii. Decrease in death rate. An increase in the number of people in reproductive age.
iii. A role of Reproductive and Child Heath Care (RCH) Programmes. RCH programmes could bring down the population growth rate but it was only marginal.
iv. Control of diseases. Control of diseases has reduced the death rate.
v. Improvements in medical facilities. Better public health care and greater medical attention.
vi. Advancement in agriculture, improvement in food storage conditions and better means of transport. These means decrease death rate.
vii. Protection from natural calamities. This has decreased death rate.
viii. Role of certain religions.Certain religions are against family planning.

Consequences of Over Population
i. Poverty. In a family, if there are more persons but the income is less, so naturally it becomes poor. With the addition of every child, the poverty increases.
ii. Food Supply. If the population increases and the production of food does not increase, this will lead to a shortage of food supply.
iii. Hygienic condition. More people in a small area generally make the hygienic conditions bad.
iv. Unemployment. More number of people means more jobs and if a sufficient number of jobs are not available, it leads to unemployment.
v. Housing problem. For more people, more houses are required and the houses are not built at a high rate.
vi. Pollution. There will be an added problem of population. As everything is taken from the environment in excess, so it will result in pollution.
vii. Education problem. It becomes difficult for the government to provide education to all.

(c) (i) Barbiturates: Barbiturates are synthetic drugs derived from barbituric acid. They are general depressants and are popularly called sleep­ ing pills. They lesson functional activity, decrease anxiety and induce sleep. Their repeated use causes psychological dependence. It is very difficult for the addict to withdraw from them. Withdrawal causes depression and restlessness. Repeated use leads  skin eruption accompanied by chill, fever and headache. Barbiturates are. not preferred these days. Cannabinoids are a group of chemicals, which interact with cannabinoid receptors present mainly in the brain.
i. Cannabinoids are obtained from the inflorescences of plant Cannabis sativa.
ii. Leaves, flower tops, resins of C. sativa in various combinations produce hashish, charas, marijuana and ganja.
iii. These are inhaled or ingested orally.
iv. These drugs affect cardiovascular system of the body.

(ii) Biotic potential is the maximum number of individuals a female can produce in her reproductive life. Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals earth can support. It is denoted by K