Discuss briefly the IUPAC and common names of few important aliphatic organic families.

(i) Mono halogen derivatives: These are halogen derivatives of alkanes.
General formula. C_nH_2n+1 – X or R–X where X is Cl, Br or 1.
Examples:



(ii) Polyhalogen derivatives:

2. Alcohols or alkanols (suffix-ol)
(i) Monohydric alcohols or alkanols.
General formula C_nH_2n+1 – OH
Functional group –OH

(ii) Dihydric alcohols or Alkanediols (suffix-diol)
General formula: C_nH_2n(OH)₂
Two–OH groups are linked to two different carbon atoms.

iii) Trihydric alcohols or alkane triols (suffix – triol)
General formula: C_nH_2n–1 (OH)₃
Three –OH groups are linked to three different carbon atoms.

3. Ethers or alkoxy alkanes (prefix-alkoxy) General formula:

4. Aldehydes or Alkanals (suffix-al).
General formula C_nH_2n+1 – CHO or R–CHO
Functional group –CHO

(i) Monocarboxylic acids or Alkanoic acids (suffix-oic acid).

(ii) Dicarboxylic acid or Alkanedioic acid.
General formula C₂H_2n (COOH)₂

 7. Acyl halides or Alkanoyl halide (suffix – oyl chloride)
General formula RCOCl;
Functional group –COCl

8. Acid amides or Alkanamides (suffix – amide).
General formula RCONH₂;
Functional group –CONH₂

9. Esters or AIkyI alkanoate (suffix-oate).
General formula RCOOR or RCOOR'

10. Acid anhydrides or Alkanoic anhydrides (suffix –oic anhydride). General formula

11. Primary amines (1°) or Alkanamines (suffix amine).
General formula R – NH₂
Functional group – NH₂ (Amino group)
The common name of an amine is always written as one word.

12. Nitroalkanes or nitro paraffines.
General formula R – NO₂
Functional group –NO₂ (called nitro group)
Nitro compounds are named under IUPAC system only.