Oxygen cycle. Oxygen in gaseous form is present in atmosphere (21 per cent). In water bodies, it is present in dissolved form. From these sources, plants, animals and decomposers take molecular 0₂ for respiration.

Burning of fuels such as coal, wood, petroleum also use atmospheric 0₂.

Green plants utilize C0₂ and H₂0 during photosynthesis and release molecular 0₂ in air and water.

Fig. 14.3. Oxygen cycle.

Q. 21. Energy transfer is said to be unidirectional whereas biogeochemical transfer is said to be cyclic. Why ? (CBSE 1991)

Ans. There is continuous flow of energy from the sun to the living system. Because, there is continuous loss of 90% energy as heat in transfer from trophic level to the next trophic level i.e., from producer (green plants) to the herbivores to the carnivores. The lost as heat get lost in the space and never returns to the sun. Therefore, the transfer of energy is always unidirectional i.e., from the sun to the living system.

The minerals locked up in the bodies of living things get back into the soil because, the decomposers release them from the parts of the living things or from the products or excreta of the living things. The mineral thus, released are reutilised by the plants and being recirculated in the system. So, the circulation of minerals is cyclic in nature.

In Biogeochemical cycles, decomposers play a major role. hey decompose the dead bodies (of plant and animals) and excreta of both plants and animals. These bacteria convert the complex sunstances into the simpler forms. The compounds are released into nutrient pool (soil, water bodies, atmosphere) and the elements are put back into circulation by plants through reabsorption from the soil.

The inside of a car with its windows closed is hotter than outside due to green house effect as the glass in the windows absorb infrared radiations of the sun but do not allow them to escape or reflect back, thus increasing the temperature of the car on the inside. 

Fossil fuels such as coal, wood, petroleum oil, natural gas are burnt to provide a source of energy. Their combustion not only produces energy and carbon dioxide but other poisonous gases like carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen and smoke particles also. All these gases cause atmospheric pollution. Thus the burning of the fossil fuel causes pollution.

The solid particles or liquid droplets dispersed in air are called aerosols. The aerosols deplete the ozone and thus are very dangerous..