On the given political outline map of India mark and label the following:
(i) Any two Harappan Sites, (ii) Magadh, Kuru, Taxila
The most ancient system yet discovered About the drains, Mackay noted: “It is certainly the most complete ancient system as yet discovered. Every house was connected to the street drains. The main channels were made of bricks set in mortar and were covered with loose bricks that could be removed for cleaning. In some cases, limestone was used for the covers. House drains first emptied into a sump or cesspit into which solid matter settled while waste water flowed out into the street drains. Very long drainage channels were provided at intervals with sumps for cleaning. It is a wonder of archaeology that little heaps of material, mostly sand, have frequently been found lying alongside drainage channels, which shows .... that the debris was not always carted away when the drain was cleared”.
Drainage systems were not unique to the larger cities, but were found in smaller settlements as well. At Lothal for example, while houses were built of mud bricks, drains were made of burnt bricks.
A. Explain the ancient drainage system of the Harappans.
B. Explain the domestic architecture of the houses of Mohenjodaro.
C. What are the advantages of covered drains? Explain.
On the given political outline map of India mark and label any five Harappan sites.
(i) Dholavira, (ii) Kalibangan, (iii) Harappa, (iv) Mohenjodaro, (v) Chanhudaro
Deadman Lane Deadman Lane is a narrow alley, varying from 3 to 6 feet in width. At the point where the lane turns westward, part of a skull and the bones of the thorax and upper arm of an adult were discovered, all in very friable condition, at a depth of 4 ft 2 inch. The body lay on its back diagonally across the lane. Fifteen inches to the west were a few fragments of a tiny skull. It is to these remains that the lane owes its nature.
Sixteen skeletons of people with the ornaments that they were wearing when they died, were found from the same part of Mohenjodaro in 1925.
A. Why is the lane called Deadman lane?
B. What did some scholars and archaeologists conclude from this information?
C. Who was John Marshall and how did Marshall tend to excavate?
D. Why are earlier interpretations sometimes reversed?
A. John Marshall has called the lane of Mohenjodaro as the Deadman Lane because in this narrow street a part of the skull and the bones of the thorax and upper arm of an adult were discovered. A few fragments of a tiny skull has also been found. Sixteen skeletons of people with the ornaments that they were wearing, when they died, were found from the same part of Mohenjodaro in 1925. It is these remains that the lane owes its name.
B. Some scholars and archaeologists conclude from this information that climatic, economic or political deterioration may have weakened the firmly settled Indus Valley Civilisation. But its ultimate extinction is more likely to have completed by deliberate and large scale destruction. It may be no more chance that at a late period of Mohenjodaro men, women and children, appear to have been massacred there.
C. John Marshall was a great historian, scholar and archaeologist. His famous historical work ‘Mohenjodaro and the Indus Civilisation’ was published in 1931. Marshall tended to excavate to know the possible causes of decline and decay of the well-settled civilisation of the Indian subcontinent, known as the Harappan Culture or the Indus Civilisation.
D. Earlier interpretations are sometimes reversed because new facts are brought to light by new scholars and archaeologists by doing excavation at new sites and places, related with the same civilisation.
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