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(a) The three characters that have developed during human evolution are:

i. Increase in intelligence and high cranial capacity.
ii. Bipedal locomotion and straight posture.
iii. Distinct lumber curve. 

(b) Chemogeny - is the abiotic synthesis of the macromolecules. It is the process of gradual transformation of inorganic compounds to organic compounds. There are its 

Formation of Macromolecules or complex organic molecules (polymerization) 
(i) Proteins (ii) Polysaccharides (iii) Lipids (iv) Nucleic acids

(c) Two distinctive features of Dryopithecus:

i. They had semi-erect posture, no brow ridges and frontally broadened jaws.

ii. Their arms and legs were of almost equal length

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(a) A genetic counsellor:

(i) Give advice on genetic problems.
(ii) Give advice couples who have in their family history a birth defect of genetic disorder.
(iii) Give advice couples who plan to have children at a late age of 35 years or so have had spontaneous abortions.
(iv) Identifies ethenic disorders like sickle cell anaemia, and can advice accordingly.

 

(b)
(i) Polio :
It is caused by : Enterovirus (Poliovirus)
Symptoms : Nervous system causing inability to bend the feet forward, stiffness of neck paralysis starts following the weakness of particular skeletal muscle, paralysis begins with high fever, headache, chilliness,pain all over the body.
CURE : It is not curable, it can be prevanted by oral vaccine.

(ii) Typhoid:
It is caused by : Salmonella typhi.
Symptoms :
1. Headache

2. Prolonged fever, often rising on the fifth day and after.

3. Abdominal pain

4. Constipation, may be followed by diarrhoea.

(iii) Tuberculosis:
It is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Symptoms:

1. Sweating and fever at night

2. Loss of appetite and weight

3. Weakness, cough and chest pain.

(iv) Cholera:
It is caused by : Vibrio Cholerae.
Symptoms :
1. Severe vomiting and diarrhoea
3. Loss of isotonic fluid in large amounts from the body very rapidly.
4. Shrunken eyes and muscle cramps

(c)
1. The banding pattern of individual human chromosomes is very similar and some times identical to the banding pattern of chromosomes of apes.

2. The banding pattern of chromosomes no. 6 and 3 of man and apes is very similar.

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(a) Genetic counselling : The advice given by the experts to the prospective parents about the chance of their conceiving children with hereditary disorders is termed as genetic counselling. Due to growing knowledge of inheritance, now we have come to know that numerous disabilities have genetic origin. Some of these genetic disorders cannot be predicted easily but other can be. This has enabled to predict the occurrence of certain genetic disorders such as haemophilia, cystic fibrosis, some kinds of muscular dystrophy etc., if we have proper information about the history of the disorder in the related families. Through genetic counselling, the history of a genetic disorders of the related families is researched and on the basis of this study, the parents are advised on the likelihood of that certain disorder arising in their children.

For example, the family of a mother has a history of cystic fibrosis. If she has heterozygous condition for the gene then she is not affected but is a carrier for it. If she marries a man with no history of this disorder in his family then it is assumed that he does not have any gene for cystic fibrosis. In this case, no child will suffer from the disease but they may be carrier for it. On the other hand, if the man’s family also has a history for that disorder and he is not affected then he may be a carrier. In this case, the parents can be advised that one out of their four children may be affected. The gene for cystic fibrosis is recessive and autosomal i.e. it is not a sex-linked disorder. This can be understood by the following cross.

Hence, 25% children will be normal.

50% children will be carrier.

25% children will develop cystic fibrosis.

(b) Characteristics of Cro-magnon Man:    

1. Cro-magnon man was very much similar to modern men.

2. Their height was about 5 to 6 feet.

3. Their face was small and broad with raised nose and thin brow ridges.

4. Their chin was very much distinct.

5. They had large skull, round forehead with cranial capacity about 1600 cc.

6. They were swift walker and fast runner; lives in families in the caves; made good weapons of stones, bones and elephant tusks. They also made excellent ornaments.

7. They used skin of animals as clothes, knew art and sketched beautiful pictures.

8. They cooked their food on fire and buried the deads according to their customs.

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(a) Important features of the Neanderthal man:

i. Cranial capacity was 1300 – 1600 CC.
ii. Short limbs, broad shoulder, legs bent and semi-erect, stooping posture.
iii. Used stone tools, weapons and fire/ cooking and was intelligent, good hunters, used animal skin for clothing.

(b) Homologous organs: Organs though different in functions, but similar embryonic origin and development, internal structure and basic plan.

For example, wings of a bird (flying) and flippers of a seal are different from one another in functions, yet all are built on the same pentadactyl plan and have same mode of development.

Evidences indicate that the organisms having homologous structures must have arisen from common ancestors through successive generations. It supports divergent evolution/adaptive divergence/monophyletic origin / common origin/ same origin

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(a)  If the mother is  Rh- and has  Rh+ baby, the mother's body may make antibodies (substances that protect the body from outside invaders) against the Rh protein. When a woman gets pregnant again with an Rh+ baby, these antibodies will become active. An abnormal pregnancy, abortion, miscarriage, or abdominal injury can also make these antibodies active. These antibodies can cause serious problems in an unborn baby.


If the blood of an Rh+ve person is transferred to a Rh-ve person and vice versa, many complications arise. Extravascular haemolysis more often occurs due to immune antibodies of the Rh system. The clinical manifestations are relatively less severe and usually consist of malaise and fever but shock and renal failure may rarely occur. Some patients develop delayed reactions in which the patient develops anaemia due to destruction of red cells in the RE system about a week after transfusion.

b) The characteristics that have been developed in human beings during evolution are :

(i) Enlargement and rounding of cranium.

(ii) Narrowing and elevation of nose.

(iii) Formation of chin and reduction in body hair.

(iv) Increase in the size of the brain and intelligence.

(v) Development of curves in vertebral column for erect posture.

(vi) Ability to walk on two legs.

(c) Function of 

i. CT Scan - 

(a) To detect tumours and the possibilities of their spread in neighbouring tissues and organs.

(b) Helps in diagnosis of diseases of the brain, spinal cord, chest and abdomen.

(c) Helps to determine the feasibility of operative treatment and to assess the result of treatment.

ii. External prosthesis - 

Prosthesis is an artificial substitute for any part of the body which enable many physically handicapped persons to live a decent and productive life.

Prosthetic devices range from dentures to artificial eyes, nose, arms and legs. These devices may also be attached or inserted under the skin.

iii.  Pace maker - 

Pace maker is one of the therapeutic instruments. It is a tiny computerized, electrical device which is implanted in the patients body to regulate his heart beat. It is usually inserted near the shoulder. It could also be worn externally. The electrodes from it are usually connected to the right ventricle.