What is an economic activity and how are they grouped? Describe
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    What is an economic activity and how are they grouped? Describe Primary activities.

    Human activities which generate income are known as economic activities.

    Economic activities are broadly grouped into primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary activities.

    Primary activities are directly dependent on environment as these refer to utilisation of earth’s resources such as land, water, vegetation, building materials and minerals. It, thus includes, hunting and gathering, pastoral activities, fishing, forestry, agriculture, and mining and quarrying.
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    Why was collective farming or the model of Kolkhoz was introduced in erstwhile Soviet Union? Mention its features.

    Collective farming or the model of Kolkhoz was introduced in erstwhile Soviet Union to improve upon the inefficiency of the previous methods of agriculture and to boost agricultural production for self-sufficiency.

    Features:

    (i)The farmers pool in all their resources like land, livestock and labour. However, they are allowed to retain very small plots to grow crops in order to meet their daily requirements.

    (ii)Yearly targets are set by the government and the produce is also sold to the state at fixed prices.

    (iii)Produce in excess of the fixed amount is distributed among the members or sold in the market.

    (iv)The farmers have to pay taxes on the farm produces, hired machinery etc.

    (v)Members are paid according to the nature of the work allotted to them by the farm management.

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    Write a note on Mediterranean Agriculture.

    Mediterranean Agriculture:

    (i)Mediterranean agriculture is highly specialised commercial agriculture. It is practised in the countries on either side of the Mediterranean sea in Europe and in north Africa from Tunisia to Atlantic coast, southern California, central Chile, south western parts of South Africa and south and south western parts of Australia. 

    (ii)This region is an important supplier of citrus fruits. Viticulture or grape cultivation is a speciality of the Mediterranean region.

    (iii)Best quality wines in the world with distinctive flavours are produced from high quality grapes in various countries of this region.

    (iv)The inferior grapes are dried into raisins and currants. This region also produces olives and figs.

    (v)The advantage of Mediterranean agriculture is that more valuable crops such as fruits and vegetables are grown in winters when there is great demand in European and North American markets.
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    Explain the two methods employed for minings.

    The two methods of mining are explained below:

    (i)Surface mining: It also known as open-cast mining is the easiest and the cheapest way of mining minerals that occur close to the surface. Overhead costs such as safety precautions and equipment is relatively low in this method. The output is both large and rapid.

    (ii)Underground mining: When the ore lies deep below the surface, underground mining method (shaft method) has to be used. In this method, vertical shafts have to be sunk, from where underground galleries radiate to reach the minerals. Minerals are extracted and transported to the surface through these passages. It requires specially designed lifts, drills, haulage vehicles, ventilation system for safety and efficient movement of people and material. This method is risky. Poisonous gases, fires, floods and caving in lead to fatal accidents.
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    Describe the features of mixed farming.

    Mixed farming:

    (i)Mixed farms are moderate in size and usually the crops associated with it are wheat, barley, oats, rye, maize, fodder and root crops.

    (ii)Fodder crops are an important component of mixed farming.

    (iii)Crop rotation and intercropping play an important role in maintaining soil fertility.

    (iv)Equal emphasis is laid on crop cultivation and animal husbandry.

    (v)Animals like cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry provide the main income along with crops.
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