What is the characteristic of modern manufacturing ?
Modern manufacturing is characterised by:
(i) a complex machine technology
(ii) extreme specialisation and division of labour for producing more goods with less effort, and low costs
(iii) vast capital
(iv) large organisations
(v) executive bureaucracy.
Write a brief note on the Ruhr Coalfield, Germany.
Ruhr Coalfield, Germany:
(i) This has been one of the major industrial regions of Europe for a long time. Coal and iron and steel formed the basis of the economy, but as the demand for coal declined, the industry started shrinking.
(ii) Even after the iron ore was exhausted, the industry remained, using imported ore brought by waterways to the Ruhr.
(iii) The Ruhr region is responsible for 80 percent of Germany’s total steel production.
(iv) Changes in the industrial structure have led to the decay of some areas, and there are problems of industrial waste and pollution.
(v) The future prosperity of the Ruhr is based less on the products of coal and steel, for which it was initially famous, and more on the new industries like he huge Opel Car assembly plant, new chemical plants, universities.
How are the industries classified?
Industries are classified on the following basis:
Distinguish between cottage industry and small scale industry.
|
Cottage Industry |
Small Scale Industry |
||
|
1. |
These industries are run by craftsmen with the help of their family members, in their home. |
1. |
These industries are the developed form of cottage industries. They run by a group of skilled craftsmen. |
|
2. |
They utilise local raw materials. |
2. |
Raw material if not available locally, it is obtained from outside. |
|
3. |
The handmade tools and handmade machines are used. |
3. |
They use small machines which are run by electricity. |
|
4. |
The products are mainly for local market. |
4. |
Its products are sold in the market through traders. |
|
5. |
The scale of operation is small. |
5. |
The expansion in the scale of production in the household industry provide base for small scale industry. |
|
6. |
In rural areas, some farmers produce goods like ropes, baskets and clothes during the slack period. The potters, carpenters, blacksmiths, etc. are engaged in cottage industries. |
6. |
Paper goods, toys, earthenwares, furniture, electrical goods, utensils etc. are examples of small scale industry. |
Describe any three characteristics of organisational structure and stratification of modern large-scale manufacturing industries.
Characteristics:
Switch
