The views expressed by the Neo-Malthusians, environmentalists and radical ecologists are explained below:

(i)They believe that for a happy and peaceful social life proper balance between population and resources is a necessary condition.

(ii)According to these thinkers, the gap between the resources and population has widened after eighteenth century.

(iii)There have been marginal expansion in the resources of the world in the last three hundred years but there has been phenomenal growth in the human population.

(iv)Development has only contributed in increasing the multiple uses of the limited resources of the world while there has been enormous increase in the demand for these resources.

(v)Therefore, the prime task before any development activity is to maintain parity between population and resources.

Human Development Report 1993:

(i)The UNDP in its Human Development Report 1993, tried to amend some of the implicit biases and prejudices which were entrenched in the concept of development.

(ii)People’s participation and their security were the major issues in the Human Development Report of 1993.

(iii)It also emphasised on progressive democratisation and increasing empowerment of people as minimum conditions for human development.

(iv)The report recognised greater constructive role of ‘Civil Societies’ in bringing about peace and human development.

(v)The civil society should work for building up opinion for reduction in the military expenditure, demobilisation of armed forces, transition from defence to production of basic goods and services and particularly disarmament and reduction in the nuclear warheads by the developed countries.