(i) Meaning of industrialisation: Industrialisation refers to the emergence of machine production, based on the use of inanimate power resources like steam or electricity. A prime feature of industrial societies today is that a large majority of the employed population work in factories, offices or shops rather than agriculture.

(ii) Meaning of Urbanisation: pertaining to development of cities, towns, metrocities is called urbanisation. In such process a very large portion of a country or nation state moves from rural areas to urban areas. For example, - When we say that over 90 percent of people in the west live in towns and cities. We may say that almost western countries are totally urbanised.

Mutually link between industrialisation and urbanisation: Industrialisation is the most powerful factor in growth and development of urbanisation. In countries or continents where industrialisation takes place, most jobs are to be found and new job opportunities are created due to industrialisation in urban areas. Therefore, Usually most of the scholars and general people associate urbanisation with industrialisation. They aften do occur together but not always so.

Example: (i) For instance in Britain, the first society to undergo industrialisation, was also the earliest to move from being rural to a predominantly urban country.

(ii) In 1800, well under 20 per cent of the population lived in towns or cities of more than 10,000 inhabitants. By 1900 this proportion had become 74 per cent. The capital city, london, was home to about 1.1 million people in 1800; it increased in size to a population of over 7 million with the beginning of the twentieth century.

London was then by far the largest city ever seen in the world, a vast manufacturing, commercial and financial centre at the heart of a still expanding British empire.

(iii) In India the impact of the very same British industrialisation led to deindustrialisation in some sectors. And decline of old urban centres. Just as manufacturing boomed in Britain, traditional exports of cotton and silk manufacturing from India declined in the face of Manchester competition.

(iv) This period also saw the further decline of cities such as Surat and Masulipatnam while Bombay and Madras grew. When the British took over Indian states, towns like Thanjavur, Dhaka, and Murshidabad lost their courts and, therefore, some of their artisans and court gentry.

(v) From the end of the 19th century, with the installation of mechanised factory industries, some towns became much more heavily populated.

(vi) Unlike Britain where the impact of industrialisation led to more people moving into urban areas, In India the initial impact of the same British industrialisation led to more people moving into agriculture. The Census of India Report show this clearly.

Tips: -

M. Imp.

Impact of colonialism of our life: Before August 1947, India was a colony of Britain. British colonialism had greatly influence the lives of the Indian culturally as well as politically.

(a) Some cultural impact in field of ideas and philosophy:

(i) Many modern ideas and institutions reached India through colonialism. Due to colonialism the Indians experience exposure to modern ideas which was contradictory or paradoxical.

Example: Indians in the colonial period read about western liberalism and freedom. Yet they lived under a western, colonial rule that denied Indians liberty and freedom. It is contradictions of this kind that shaped many of the structural and cultural changes.

(b) Some social Impacts: Our social organisation, social reform, our industry, our agriculture, our cities, towns and villages were affected due to colonialism. For example: Diet and food manners of the Indians were affected due to British rule. We have ‘bread-omelette’ and ‘cutlets’ as menu offered in many roadside eateries and canteens A very popular manufacturer of biscuits, is actually named after Britain. Many school uniforms include neck-ties.

(c) Some Political Impacts: Politically India was affected greatly due to colonialism-India had all types of adverse political effects nearly for 190 (1754-1947). However, these were some good political experience gained by the Indian during period of colonialism.

For example: Indians in the colonial period read about western liberalism and freedom. Our nationalist movement, our several acts and laws, our political system and our constitution had been shaped by our paradoxical experience with colonialism. We have a parliamentary and a legal system, a police and educational system built very much on the British Model. We drive on the left side of the road like the British.

(d) Introduction Impact of English (language): English language and western literature and thought is a very powerful proof of colonial rule over India. We can give an example of English language to show how its impact has been many sided and paradoxical in India. This is not a matter about wrong spellings alone.

(e) English is not only widely used in India but we now have an impressive body of literary writings by Indians in English. This knowledge of English has given Indians an edge in the global market. But English continues to be a mark of privilege.

(f) Not knowing English is a disadvantage that tells in the job market. At the same time for those who were traditionally deprived of access to formal education such as the dalits, knowledge of English may open doors of opportunities that were formerly closed.

Colonialism brought into new political, economic and social structural changes in India, introduction of capitalism and its impact on different regions were felt. British colonialism which was based on a capitalist system directly interfered to ensure greatest profit and benefit to British capitalism. Every policy was geared towards the strengthening and expansion of British capitalism. For instance it changed the very laws of the land. It changed not just land ownership laws but decided even what crops ought to be grown and what ought not.

(g) It meddled with the manufacturing sector. It altered the way production and distribution of goods took place. It entered into the forests. It cleared trees and started tea plantations. It brought in Forest Acts that changed the lives of pastoralists. They were prevented from entering many forests that had earlier provided valuable forage for their cattle.

(h) Impact on movement of the people: Colonialism also led to considerable movement of people. It led to movement of people from one part to another within India. For instance, people from present day Jharkhand moved to Assam to work on the tea-plantations.

(i) A newly emerging middle class particularly from the British Presidency regions of Bengal and Madras moved as government employees and professionals like doctors and lawyers moved to different parts of the country. People were carted in ships from India to work on other colonised lands in distant Asia, Africa and Americas. Many died on their way. Most could never return. Today many of their descendents are known as people of Indian origin.

Tips: -

M. Imp.

(i) I live in Delhi. It is the national capital territory of India. Generally it is accepted that approximately. It is as old city of India as epic Mahabharata. During the time of Mahabharata it was called Indraprastha. It had been founded and destroyed at different ages by different people. It is accepted that Tomor Rajput made Delhi their capital after the rulers of Mahabharata age. It remained capital during the Delhi Sultanate period and largest span of time during the Mughal period also. The Britishers made it their capital in 1911. In place of Calcutta. Till date it is capital of India.

It is a centre of administration, foreign developments, head quarters of WHO, centre of trade and commerce as well as a centre of learning.

Delhi attracts visitors and tourists all around the year from different countries and nooks and corners of the world. Its population is increasing leaps and bounds due to several factors — political, economic, social, cultural, religious and so on.

(ii) The following features forced me to think the plane whose I line is a big city and it is not a village or a town.

(a) It is a declared metropolitan city of India. Its population is more than 1.24 crores. It is a very big city as far as area is concerned. There are more than 200 towns and nearly 200 villages within the territory of this city.

(b) It is the head quarter of Central Government of India. Here the President, Prime Minister, and all ministers of Central Government along with nearly more than seven hundred sixty members of parliament and several thousand officials and employees are living. There are several historical places and monuments and there are several temples, mosque, churches and gurudwara.

(c) Delhi is a big centre of commerce and trade. Lacks of traders and merchants come to purchase and sale these goods. Several thousands of people are doing their services in different fields and departments.

(d) There are four-five Universities and one hundred fifty colleges, training institute and academic departments. There is Supreme Court. The highest court of India. There is a High Court as well as several suborbinate courts. Though there is a Vidhan Sabha (State Assembly) but constitutionally it comes under D category of state as per constitutional provision. There is a Municipal Corporation (MCD) along with New Delhi Municipal Corporation (NDMC) along with Chawni Board and several village Panchayats All these local bodies work under state government as well as indirectly instructed or controlled by several ministers and departments. There are many railway stations and junctions along with few very big airports. Generally known as Palam Airport and Indira Gandhi International Airport.

(e) Our all three national festivals i.e., Republic Day, Independence Day and 2nd October or the birthday of M. K. Gandhi, the father of nation is celebrated every year with great pomp and show.

(f) All Ambassador of different countries and diplomats come and reside or have interaction with the highest and biggest leader and official of the country. Delhi is head quarter of all the three Armed forces, i.e., Army, Navy and Air force.

(iii) Yes there are many factories and industrial area in this city where several factories and mills work day and night. In several factories man and women work in shift. It is a great manufacturing of activities or production of goods.

(iv) No, agriculture is not main job of the people in Delhi. Service sector is the main sector of production. People work as officials, government employees, teachers, doctors, nurses, engineers, labourers, traders, property dealer, different types of artisian etc.

(v) Of course the occupational nature that has a determining on the production of this city as well as of the country. Different industry, trade and commercial activities as well as service sector contribute in National Income as well as in reasonably high per Capital Income of the area.

(a) There are very huge multistoreyed as well as very small and big size building in Delhi.

There are big hospitals, nursing homes, schools, colleges, universities. A multistoreyed building of Delhi Development Authority, Railway (Metro) station building can be seen. There are very grand and big five star and other hotels. Place for entertainment such as cinema, exhibition ground, museum, etc.

(b) Delhi having very sufficient availability of educational opportunities, students can get educational facilities from class nursery to twelth standard school. Major students can have academic educational opportunities at degree and post graduate levels in different colleges, universities, training centre. Professional colleges of education, medical science, engineering professional occupation, computers, information technology, etc. are working. There are very good educational distribution which prepare students on a large number IAS/IPS/PCS, etc.

(c) The people live peacefully and in communal harmony. They enjoy their life. Most of them are very hard working. They behave very properly and in cultural manner. People are co-operative. They face different problems such as shortage of water supply, electricity even transport, boldly, bravely with smile.

(d) In Delhi people talk in very effective manner. They generally say hello to their known people and they interact place of their work, parks, gardens, markets, bus stop and even railways and buses.

Most of the Delhi people are very particular for dress. They wear modern as well as traditional dresses. People of many Indian provinces and Union territories can be seen wearing their provincial and local dresses. They speak Hindi, English, Punjabi, Urdu, Tamil, Bangalore, Malayalam, Telgu, Kannar, Nepali, Sindhi and other languages.