(i) Auguste comte (of France) is called the father of sociology because he coined the sociology 1830, for that branch of science which studied human behaviour. Before his life time and during his life time most of the issue and concern of this discipline also date back to a time when European societies was undergoing greatly changes in that period (approximately 18 and 19th century) with the advant of industrialisation and capitalism.
(ii) Without the study of origin and growth of sociology we can not understand several personnel as well as social issue. For example. In 18th and 19th century due to industrialisation several problem raise before people and government. Urbanisation or factory production are concerned to all modern society. No doubt these specific feature different. For example the problem of Urbanisation and factory production of India nay be different from advance western or European country. Indian society visit colonial parts and various diversities is different from the social setup of Britain or France. The people of India can know their problems or issues after the study of sociology because sociology of India reflects origin and growth of different individual or social problems.
(iii) Indians are closely linked to the history of British capitalism and colonalism. Capitalism is the west centailed a worldwide expansion. No doubt colonialism was essential part of modern capitaism and industrialisation. The writings of western sociologist on capitalism and other aspects of modern society are therefore relevent for urderstanding social change in India.
(iv) Sociology in India also had to deal with western writings and ideas about Indian society that were not always correct. These ideas were expressed both in the accounts of colonial officials as well as western scholars. For many of them Indian society was xontsant to western society. We take just one example here, the way the Indian village was understood and portrayed as unchanging.
(v) Further more social anthropology in India moved gradually from a preoccupation with the study of 'primitive people' to the study of peasants, ethinic groups. Social clases, aspects and features of ancient civilisations, and modern industrial societies. No rigid divide exists between sociology and social anthropology in India, a characteristics feature of the two subjects in many western countries. Perhaphs the very diversity of the modern and traditional, of the village and the metropolitan in India account for this
(i) Auguste comte (of France) is called the father of sociology because he coined the sociology 1830, for that branch of science which studied human behaviour. Before his life time and during his life time most of the issue and concern of this discipline also date back to a time when European societies was undergoing greatly changes in that period (approximately 18 and 19th century) with the advant of industrialisation and capitalism.
(ii) Without the study of origin and growth of sociology we can not understand several personnel as well as social issue. For example. In 18th and 19th century due to industrialisation several problem raise before people and government. Urbanisation or factory production are concerned to all modern society. No doubt these specific feature different. For example the problem of Urbanisation and factory production of India nay be different from advance western or European country. Indian society visit colonial parts and various diversities is different from the social setup of Britain or France. The people of India can know their problems or issues after the study of sociology because sociology of India reflects origin and growth of different individual or social problems.
(iii) Indians are closely linked to the history of British capitalism and colonalism. Capitalism is the west centailed a worldwide expansion. No doubt colonialism was essential part of modern capitaism and industrialisation. The writings of western sociologist on capitalism and other aspects of modern society are therefore relevent for urderstanding social change in India.
(iv) Sociology in India also had to deal with western writings and ideas about Indian society that were not always correct. These ideas were expressed both in the accounts of colonial officials as well as western scholars. For many of them Indian society was xontsant to western society. We take just one example here, the way the Indian village was understood and portrayed as unchanging.
(v) Further more social anthropology in India moved gradually from a preoccupation with the study of 'primitive people' to the study of peasants, ethinic groups. Social clases, aspects and features of ancient civilisations, and modern industrial societies. No rigid divide exists between sociology and social anthropology in India, a characteristics feature of the two subjects in many western countries. Perhaphs the very diversity of the modern and traditional, of the village and the metropolitan in India account for this.
(ii) Common sense or knowledge does not always or even generally lead to spectacular results. But meaningful and unsuspected connections can be reached only by shifting through masses of connections. Great advances in sociological knowledge have been made, generally incrementally and only rarely by a dramatic breakthrough.
(iii) Sociology cannot be substituted by common sense. Common sense is unreflective since it does not questions its own origins. Or in other words it does not ask it-self. Why do I hold this view ? The Sociologist must be ready to ask of any of our beliefs, about our-selves - no matter how cherished - is this really so ?
(iv) Both the systematic and questioning approach of sociology is derived from a broader tradition of scientific form a broader tradition of scientific investigation. This emphasis on scientific procedures can be understood only if we go back in time. And understand the context or social situation within which the sociological perspective emerged as sociology was greatly influenced by the great development in modern science.
(i) I am a poor person having a large family of six members.
(ii) My elder daughter and sons are respectively of twenty four and twenty two years both are unemployed.
(iii) My friend is a business man but he is having in shop-non-commercial or residential area. He has got a notice from the higher authorities that shop will be sealed and later on demolished
(iv) My wife is suffering from some serious diseases.
(v) My parents are very old.
I have offered financial help to my friend to purchase a shop in commercial area. I have advistd him that he should take some loan from a bank and first of all he should purchase a shop in an authorised complex. I have told him that my son with join him in business if he desire so because my friend is issueless. He was accepted my offer. I have told him that if he accept my offer my son will also get employment and one of my problem will be solved.
My daughter has made up her mind to go to U.S.A. because she is a computer engineer and after her marriage with a fellow of United State he will go there.
My wife is going daily to Yoga classes of Guru Ram Dev. The Yoga teacher has promise that my wife will be O.K. after a regular practice of Yoga for two months or so.
My parents are old one. I, my son and my friends is paying ful attention to attend them regularly
(i) Sociology is one age group of social sciences, which also includes anthropology, economics political science and history.
(ii) The division among various social sciences are not clear, and all share a certain range of common interest, concepts and methods. Today there is greater give and take among all disciplines because most subjects related with social sciences are interrelated and upto some extent interdependent also.
(iii) Sociology and Economics : (a) The sociological approach looks at economic behaviour in a broader context of social norms, values, practices and interest. The corporate sectors managers are aware of this. The large investment in the advertisement industry is directly linked to the need to re-shape lifestyles and consumption patterns.
(b) The defined scope of economics has helped in facilitating its development as a highly focused, coherent discipline, Sociologists often entry every the economists for the precision of their technology and the exactness of their measures. And the ability to translate the results of their theoretical work into practical suggestion having measure implication for public policy. Yet economists predictive ability often suffer precirely because of their neglect of individual behaviour, cultural norms and institutional resistance which sociologists study.
(c) Sociology unlike economics usually does not provide technical solutions. But it encourages a questioning and critical perspective. This helps questioning of basic assumptions. Recent trends have been seen a resurgence of economic sociology perhaps because of both this wider and critical perspective of sociology.
(d) Sociology provides clearer or more adequate understanding of a social situation than existed before. This can be either on the level of factual knowledge, or through gaining an improved group of why something is happening (in other words, by means of theoretical understanding).
Sociology and Political Science :
(a) Sociology is devoted to the study of all aspects of society, where as conventional political science restricted it self mainly to the study of power as embodied in formal organisation.
(b) Sociology stresses the interrelation ships between sets of institutions including government, where as political science tends to turn attention towards the processes within the government.
(c) Sociology long shared similar interests of research with political science. Sociologists like Max Weber worked in what can be termed as political sociology. The focus of political sociology has been increasingly on the actual study of political behaviour.
Sociology and History:
(a) Historians almost as a rule study the past, sociologists are more interested in the contemporary or recent past.
(b) History studies concreate detail while the sociologist is more likely to abstract from concrete reality, categorise and generalise.
(c) Conventional history has been about the history of kings and war. The history of less glamorous or exciting events or changes in land relations or gender relations within the family have traditionally been less studied by historians but formed the core area of the sociologist interest.
(d) Today however history is far more sociological and social history is the stuff of history. It looks at social patterns, gender relations, mores, customs and important institutions other than the acts of rulers, wars and monarchy.
Sociology and Psychology:
(a) Psychology is often defined as the science of behaviour. It involves itself primarily with the individual. It is interested in her/his intelligence and learning, motivations and memory, nervous system and reaction time, hopes and fears. Social psychology, which serves as a bridge between psychology and sociology, maintains a primary interest in the individual but concerns itself with the way in which the individual behaves in social groups, collectively with other individuals.
(b) Sociology attempts to understand behaviour as it is organised in society, that is the way in which personality is shaped by different aspects or society. For instance, economic and political system, their family and kingship structure, their culture, norms and values.
Sociology and Social Anthropology :
(a) Anthropology is most countries in corporates archaeology, physical anthropology, cultural history, many branches of linguistics and the study of all aspects of life in Simple Societies. Our concern here is with social anthropology and cultural anthropology for it is that which is close to the study of sociology.
(b) The anthropologists of the past documented the details of simple societies apparently in a neutral scientific fashion. In
practice they were constantly comparing those societies with the model of the western modern societies as a benchmark.
(c) Other changes have also redefined the nature of sociology and social anthropology. Modernity as we saw led to a process whereby the smallest village was impacted by global processes. The most obvious example is colonialism. The most remote village of India under British colonialism saw its land laws and administration change, its revenue extraction alter, its manufacturing industries collapse.
(d) Today the distinction between a simple society and a complex one itself needs major rethinking. India itself is a complex mix of tradition and modernity of the village and the city, of caste and tribe, of class and community. Villages nestle right in the heart of the capital city of Delhi. Call centers serve European and American clients from different towns of the country.
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